Download AP Biology-2nd Trimester Review Guide

AP Biology-2nd Trimester Review Guide
Please note: This guide is not a complete list of ideas tested on the exam term by term, but rather a list of
general areas about which you should be familiar. This includes any important vocab, structures, processes,
etc.
Biochemistry – Chapters 3 & 5
1. Structure of water and its properties.
2. Four groups of macromolecules
- monomers/polymers of each
- how to identify each
- functions of each (general & specific functions of special categories- ie: cellulose)
- hydrolysis/condensation reactions
3. Four levels of protein structure & bonds responsible for each level & also things that can disrupt protein
structure.
Cell Structure & Function - Chapters 6 & 7
4. Characteristics of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells & plant vs. animal cells
5. Common organelle names and functions
6. Types of cell transport- know what they are & how to identify/interpret models of each: active, passive,
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk flow
7. Types of solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
8. Membrane structure & characteristics – especially phospholipids
Cell Energy – Chapters 9 & 10
9. Catabolic reactions (ch.8)
10. Know where each of the following processes happen & what occurs during each:
Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle
- Electron Transport
Photosynthesis
- Light reactions
- Calvin cycle
Cell Division – Chapters 12 & 13
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Chromosome structure
Stages of Mitosis & what happens in each step
How is the cell cycle regulated?
How are the stages & results of mitosis & meiosis different?
Important terms include (but are not limited to): diploid, haploid, crossing over,
homologous chromosomes, chiasmata
Heredity – Chapters 14 & 15
16. Concepts: genotype, phenotype, allele, locus, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive,
independent assortment, law of segregation of alleles
17. Types of inheritance- how each works and be familiar with common examples of each: Codominance,
multiple alleles, plieotropy, polygenic inheritance, sex-linked, incomplete dominance.
DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis – Chapters 16 & 17
18. DNA & RNA structure
19. Know the general descriptions of the following processes, where each happens & enzymes involved in
each:
- DNA Replication
- Transcription
- RNA processing
- Translation
20. Know the contribution each of the following scientists made to the study of DNA: Avery, Chargaff,
Franklin, Griffith, Hershey & Chase, Pauling, Watson & Crick
Viruses – Chapter 19
21. General virus structure & characteristics
22. basic description of lytic & lysogenic cycles (including when symptoms are present)
Biotechnology – Chapter 20
23. Understand the general processes and uses of each of the following:
- restriction enzymes
- transformation
- gel electrophoresis/RFLP analysis
- ligase
- reverse transcriptase
- DNA polymerase
Evolution – Chapters 22-24
24. Theories of evolution – catastrophism, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
25. Types of selection: directional, disruptive, sexual, stabilizing
26. Understand the difference between each species concept & be ready to recognize when given an
example: phylogenetic, ecological, biological, morphological
27. Understand the different types of pre/postzygotic reproductive barriers & be able to identify an example
of each.
28. Additional concepts: gene flow, sexual dimorphism, allopatric & sympatric speciation
Phylogeny – Chapter 26
29. Be able to read a cladogram (hint look through your last test for good examples to practice from) &
understand the ideas: extinct, extant, taxonomy, cladistics, phylogeny, clade & how to determine
relatedness/common ancestry on a cladogram.