Download biology – semester 2 study guide

BIOLOGY – SEMESTER 2 STUDY GUIDE (2010)
Test will be 120 Multiple Choice plus three short essays on evolution (including movies)
Your best strategy is to study the Unit Tests from this semester.
BIOENERGY (Chapters 6 and 7)
Know the basics of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What happens to oxygen and carbon
dioxide during these processes?
What is the Kreb Cycle? What is the Calvin cycle?
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (fermentation).
How are the processes of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation important to humans?
The overall reaction for cellular respiration is : C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, it
shows the oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.
The energy is chemical, in the form of ATP (the energy currency of the cell).
The reverse of the above reaction is the overall reaction for photosynthesis. What is the source
of the energy for that reaction? What happens in the sun to produce the energy?
CELLS AND TRANSPORT (Chapters 4 & 5)
Know the three parts of the Cell Theory.
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cell organelles – nucleus, ER, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, lysosomes,
chloroplast, cell wall, centriole. Know what they do and where found in cell.
Differences between animal and plant cells.
Multicellular organization into tissues, organs, etc.
Transport of substances across the cell membranes, active or passive.
Passive transport - diffusion and facilitated diffusion, goes in direction of concentration
gradient, from high concentration of solute to low.
Active transport, specific carrier proteins needed, consumes energy to go against
concentration gradient..
Cell membrane is selectively-permeable – what does that mean?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across cell membrane.
Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions, and direction of osmosis.
Bulk transport - endocytosis and exocytosis
DNA, RNA Protein Synthesis (Chapter 10)
Differences between DNA and RNA (function, where found, sugar, and base - T vs U)
Names of nucleotide bases, and base pairing A-T-C-G and U.
DNA Replication and transcription to RNA, happen in the nucleus.
Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
Translation = protein synthesis. Understand process, happens in the cytoplasm.
Translation from RNA to proteins is a 3-base codon that codes for an amino acid.
Anticodon is found on tRNA, base-pairs with codon and brings the correct amino acid
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CELL DIVISION (Chapter 8)
Know difference between chromatin, chromatid and chromosome.
Cell cycle phases- Mitosis, G1, S, G2.
Understand difference between diploid and haploid number of chromosomes.
Know the phases of mitosis and meiosis, and the events in each.
Know how meiosis and mitosis are different, and the basics of gametogenesis.
GENETICS (Chapters 9 and 12)
Vocab: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, allele, phenotype, genotype, carrier.
Mendel’s work with pea strains, and monohybrid crosses.
ABO blood types, 3 alleles, A & B are co-dominant, O is recessive
Blood antigens and antibodies and compatibility.
Patterns of inheritance, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked.
Chromosomal aberrations.
Pedigree symbols and interpretation
Genetic disorders - Down syndrome (chromosomal non-disjunction), cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia, PKU, etc.
Sex-linked recessive traits on the x chromosome more common in males, only females can
be “carriers.”
EVOLUTION (Chapters 15 and 17)
Vocabulary: Arboreal, prehensile, primate, prosimian, prehensile, bipedal, hominid.
Earth is about 4.5 billion years old, vertebrates first appeared about 500 million years ago.
What is evolution and what types of evidence show that it has occurred?
The theory of evolution by natural selection requires genetic variation; more “fit” organisms
are more successful at breeding and raising offspring.
Charles Darwin developed this theory based on his travels and studies especially on the
Galapagos islands. His book Origin of Species – emphasized competition for resources,
and variability within populations.
Evidence of evolution includes homologous structures and analogous structures.
Patterns of evolution - Convergent evolution, divergent evolution, co-evolution..
Similarity in DNA and other macromolecules is also evidence of genetic similarity.
Know the key characteristics of primates, prosimians, anthropoid primates and hominids.
Evidence of evolution suggests a progression from an ape-like ancestor to modern man,
interpreted by some as separate species that died out and were replaced with other
species.
Theory of evolution states that monkeys, apes and humans may have evolved from a
common ancestor long ago, but not that humans evolved from monkeys or apes.
Scientists disagree on Neanderthals as Homo sapiens, or a separate species of human.
The Final will include three short essays regarding evolution. One will pertain to the
Neanderthal movie and one will pertain with the movie Journey of Man.
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