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Download AP Biology-2nd Trimester Review Guide
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AP Biology-2nd Trimester Review Guide Please note: This guide is not a complete list of ideas tested on the exam term by term, but rather a list of general areas about which you should be familiar. This includes any important vocab, structures, processes, etc. Biochemistry – Chapters 3 & 5 1. Structure of water and its properties. 2. Four groups of macromolecules - monomers/polymers of each - how to identify each - functions of each (general & specific functions of special categories- ie: cellulose) - hydrolysis/condensation reactions 3. Four levels of protein structure & bonds responsible for each level & also things that can disrupt protein structure. Cell Structure & Function - Chapters 6 & 7 4. Characteristics of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells & plant vs. animal cells 5. Common organelle names and functions 6. Types of cell transport- know what they are & how to identify/interpret models of each: active, passive, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk flow 7. Types of solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic 8. Membrane structure & characteristics – especially phospholipids Cell Energy – Chapters 9 & 10 9. Catabolic reactions (ch.8) 10. Know where each of the following processes happen & what occurs during each: Aerobic Respiration - Glycolysis - Kreb’s cycle - Electron Transport Photosynthesis - Light reactions - Calvin cycle Cell Division – Chapters 12 & 13 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Chromosome structure Stages of Mitosis & what happens in each step How is the cell cycle regulated? How are the stages & results of mitosis & meiosis different? Important terms include (but are not limited to): diploid, haploid, crossing over, homologous chromosomes, chiasmata Heredity – Chapters 14 & 15 16. Concepts: genotype, phenotype, allele, locus, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, independent assortment, law of segregation of alleles 17. Types of inheritance- how each works and be familiar with common examples of each: Codominance, multiple alleles, plieotropy, polygenic inheritance, sex-linked, incomplete dominance. DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis – Chapters 16 & 17 18. DNA & RNA structure 19. Know the general descriptions of the following processes, where each happens & enzymes involved in each: - DNA Replication - Transcription - RNA processing - Translation 20. Know the contribution each of the following scientists made to the study of DNA: Avery, Chargaff, Franklin, Griffith, Hershey & Chase, Pauling, Watson & Crick Viruses – Chapter 19 21. General virus structure & characteristics 22. basic description of lytic & lysogenic cycles (including when symptoms are present) Biotechnology – Chapter 20 23. Understand the general processes and uses of each of the following: - restriction enzymes - transformation - gel electrophoresis/RFLP analysis - ligase - reverse transcriptase - DNA polymerase Evolution – Chapters 22-24 24. Theories of evolution – catastrophism, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium 25. Types of selection: directional, disruptive, sexual, stabilizing 26. Understand the difference between each species concept & be ready to recognize when given an example: phylogenetic, ecological, biological, morphological 27. Understand the different types of pre/postzygotic reproductive barriers & be able to identify an example of each. 28. Additional concepts: gene flow, sexual dimorphism, allopatric & sympatric speciation Phylogeny – Chapter 26 29. Be able to read a cladogram (hint look through your last test for good examples to practice from) & understand the ideas: extinct, extant, taxonomy, cladistics, phylogeny, clade & how to determine relatedness/common ancestry on a cladogram.