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Section 7.1 – Life is Cellular Biology Name Date: Period: Lesson Objectives State the cell theory. Describe how the different types of microscope work. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Fill in the chart with the missing vocab term or the definition. Term Definition Basic unit of life Thin flexible barrier that separates the cell from its environment All living things are made of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function; and new cells come from previously existing cells. Cell with DNA that is enclosed in a nucleus Cell structure that contains genetic material Cell with DNA not enclosed in a nucleus 1. The invention of the made the discovery of cells possible. 2. Robert Hooke used the name to refer to the tiny empty chambers he saw when he observed magnified cork. 3. German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that are made of cells. 4. German biologist Theodor Schwann concluded that are made of cells. 5. Rudolph Virchow concluded that new cells are produced from 6. The . combines the conclusions made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. Matching: Match the important contribution that each of the following scientists made to the cell theory. ______ 1. Developed 1st microscope A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek ______ 2. Looked at plant stems, wood and cork; discovered cells B. Mathias Schleiden ______ 3. Discovered the nucleus C. Robert Brown ______ 4. Stated that plants are made up of cells D. Robert Hooke ______ 5. Stated that animals are made up of cells E. Rudolf Virchow ______ 6. Stated that all cells arise from the division of F. Theodor Schwann preexisting cells 1 List the three parts of the Cell Theory: 1. 2. 3. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotes DNA their are cells that do not enclose are cells that their in in nuclei. Two Categories of Cells Category Definition Size range Examples Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Label the two cells as either a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell. Compare and contrast the two types of cells by completing the table. Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Eukaryotic Cell yes Nucleus Cell size Complexity Your body is made up of simpler cells. Bacteria are cells. 2 Cell Organelle Review Name: Biology Date: Period: Name the Cell Part: Some organelles may be used more than once. Centriole Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Chloroplast Lysosome Ribosome ER Mitochondria Nuclear Envelope Cytoskeleton Vacuole Cell Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Wall ________________________1. Where proteins are made. ________________________2. Contains digestive enzymes to clean up the cell & break down macromolecules ________________________3. Jelly-like material within the cell. ________________________4. Protein structure that maintains the shape of the cell. ________________________5. For transportation of substances throughout the cell. ________________________6. Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus. ________________________7. Saclike storage organelle found in both animal and plant cells. ________________________8. Where ribosomes are synthesized. ________________________9. Composed of cellulose. ________________________10. Traps energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy. ________________________11. Known as the clean-up crew. ________________________12. Control center of eukaryotic cells. ________________________13. Supplies energy to plant and animal cells. ________________________14. Organelle that functions in cell division. ________________________15. Selectively permeable barrier in plant and animal cells. ________________________16. Modifies, collects, packages & distributes proteins produced by the cell. ________________________17. Protein scaffold involved in cell support and transport in the cell. ________________________18. An organelle that serves as a protein factory. ________________________19. Stores hereditary information (DNA). ________________________20. Converts chemical energy in food into a form that is more easily used in plant and animal cells. 3 Name two organelles that are only found in plant cells: 1. 2. Name an organelle that is only found in animal cells: Chapter Vocabulary Review For Questions 1–4, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. 1. All cells are surrounded by a cell wall. 2. The flexible nature of a cell membrane results from its channel proteins. 3. Selectively permeable membranes allow only certain materials to pass through them. 4. Centrioles are found in animal cells. For Questions 5–11, match the organelle with its description. Organelle _____5. Ribosomes Description A. Convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy that is stored in food. _____6. Endoplasmic reticulum _____7. Golgi apparatus _____8. Lysosomes _____9. Vacuoles _____10. Chloroplasts _____11. Mitochondria B. Stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release. C. Convert chemical energy stored in food into a form that can be easily used by the cell. D. Moves molecules from one part of the cell to another. E. Saclike structures that store materials. F. Small particles of RNA and protein on which proteins are assembled using instructions from DNA. G. Filled with enzymes used to break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules. 4 Section 7.2 - Cell Structure Review Biology 6.0 Name: Date: Period: Lesson Objectives Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Describe the role of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton. Identify the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in making proteins. Describe the function of the chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cell. Describe the function of the cell membrane. A. Complete the chart with the organelles and definitions. Term Definition Cell wall Structure around plant cells, fungus cells, and some bacterial cells that supports and protects Structure in animal cells that helps organize cell division Chloroplast Cytoplasm Network of protein filaments that gives a cell its shape and organizes its organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Enzyme-filled structure that breaks down complex molecules or wornout organelles Organelle that changes the chemical energy in food into a form that is easier for the cell to use Structure within a cell that acts like a specialized organ Ribosome Saclike structure that stores materials like water and nutrients 5 Use terms from the box to complete the Venn diagram. cell membrane cell wall centriole chloroplast cytoplasm cytoskeleton DNA found in cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosome Prokaryotes mitochondria nucleus containing DNA ribosome vacuole Eukaryotes Both Cell Organization An organelle is a specialized cell structure. Each organelle functions in a different way. All of the organelles help the cell carry out life processes. Use the terms in the box to write the name of the organelle underneath its picture. endoplasmic reticulum Organelle Golgi apparatus mitochondrion nucleus Function Controls most cell processes and stores genetic material Where lipid parts of the cell membrane and proteins for export are assembled and stored Modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the endoplasmic reticulum Converts the energy stored in food into a more usable form 6 Cell Organization 1. Describe the relationship between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell. 2. What does the term organelle mean literally? For Questions 3–5, refer to the Visual Analogy comparing the cell with a factory. 3. If the cell were a factory, what part would serve as the main office? 4. Which cell part would provide electricity? 5. Discuss how the actions of the forklifts are related to actions in cells. Cell Organization 6. Use the words below to label the plant cell. Some structures have been labeled for you. cell wall chloroplast mitochondrion nucleus ribosome vacuole smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane 7 7. Use the words below to label the animal cell. Some structures have been labeled for you. cell membrane Golgi apparatus mitochondrion nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosome smooth endoplasmic reticulum centrioles Use the diagrams to answer the questions. 8. Which structure is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell? Circle the correct answer. chloroplast cell membrane ribosome 9. What is the main function of the cell membrane? Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support 10. What are vacuoles and what is their main function? 11. What are the two roles of the central vacuole in plant cells? 12. How are contractile vacuoles different from other types of vacuoles? 8 13. In the diagrams of the animal cell and the plant cell, label the structures indicated by the lines. 14. What is the role of lysosomes in the cell? Why is this a vital role? 15. Which structures of the cytoskeleton are found in animal cells but not in plant cells? 16. What other structures of the cytoskeleton would show the same pattern of microtubules as a flagellum? Organelles That Build Proteins 17. What are ribosomes? What do they do? 18. In which organelle are the lipid components of the cell membrane assembled? 19. What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? 9 20. Using the cell as a factory analogy, describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in cells. 21. Suppose a cell’s Golgi apparatus does not function properly. How might this problem affect other cells? Organelles That Capture and Release Energy 22. Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria. Chloroplasts Mitochondria Both For the following questions, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. 23.__________________ Chloroplasts are never found in animal cells. 24.__________________ Unlike chloroplasts, mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. 25.__________________ Nearly all of the mitochondria in your cells were inherited from your mother. 26.__________________ Both chloroplasts and mitochondria lack genetic information in the form of DNA. 10 Cellular Boundaries For the following questions, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 27. Most cell protect cells. are porous to water and other materials but strong enough to support and 28. Nearly all of the plant tissue called is made up of cell walls. 29. Besides supporting and protecting a cell, the cell membrane and leaves the cell. what enters 30. Complete the diagram of a section of a cell membrane. Then, on the line below the diagram, write the name of the model that describes the cell membrane’s structure. hydrophilic head lipid bilayer protein lipid Fluid Mosaic Model carbohydrate chain hydrophobic tail 31. What is the function of vesicles in the synthesis of proteins and the release of those proteins outside the cell? 11 32. Using the diagram… a. Explain how the organelles work together to build, modify, package and transport proteins. b. What is the function of vesicles in the synthesis of proteins and the release of those proteins outside the cell? 33. Where do proteins that enter the Golgi apparatus come from? a. Cell nucleus b. Endoplasmic reticulum c. Outside the cell d. Digested materials inside the cell 34. What role do vesicle play in processing the proteins in the Golgi apparatus? a. The create proteins. c. They store proteins. b. They modify proteins. d. They transport the proteins. 12 Chapter 7 Cell Review (Section 7.1, 7.2, 7.4) Name: Biology 6.0 Date: Period: Matching terms with their definitions: _____ 1. Cell a. organism whose cells contain a nucleus _____ 2. Cell membrane b. granular material visible within the nucleus _____ 3. Cell wall c. the basic unit of all forms of life _____ 4. Nucleus d. specialized structures within a cell that perform important cell functions _____ 5. Cytoplasm e. organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus _____ 6. Prokaryote f. _____ 7. Eukaryote _____ 8. Organelle _____ 9. Chromatin strong layer around the cell membrane that protects the cell (plant, fungi, bacteria) g. uses energy from sunlight to create energy rich food molecules h. large structure that contains the cell’s genetic information i. thin, flexible barrier around the cell; regulates what goes in/out of the cell j. material inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus _____ 10. Chloroplast Matching organelles with their definitions: _____ 11. Ribosome a. Modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for storages or transport out of the cell _____ 12. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Maintains the cell shape; moves cell parts; helps cells move _____ 13. Golgi apparatus c. Saclike structure that stores materials _____ 14. Lysosome d. Made of microtubules; helps with cell division; only found in animal cells _____ 15. Vacuole e. Converts chemical energy in food to usable compounds _____ 16. Mitochondria f. _____ 17. Centrioles _____ 18. Cytoskeleton Small particle of RNA and protein that produces proteins following instructions from nucleus g. Filled with enzymes used to break down food particles or “clean up” damaged cell parts h. An internal membrane system in which components of the cell membrane (lipids) and proteins are constructed Structural Comparisons 13 Word Part pro karyon eu Meaning before nucleus or kernel true 19. Determine the meaning of prokaryote: 20. Determine the meaning of eukaryote: 21. Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size. 22. Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size. 23. Describe the steps involved in the synthesis, packaging and export of a protein from a cell. (page 200-201) 14 Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote Animal Plant Nuclear Envelope Nucleus Cellular Control Center Nuclear Pores Chromatin Nucleolus Cytoplasm Vacuole Organelles that store, Clean-up, and Support Vesicles Lysosomes Cytoskeleton (microtubules I microfilaments) Centrioles 15 Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote Animal Plant Ribosomes Organelles that build proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Organelles that capture and release energy Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cell Wall Cellular Boundaries Cell Membrane 16 Multiple Choice 24. Which row in the chart below contains a cell structure paired with its primary function? Row Cell Structure Function 1 Ribosome Protein synthesis 2 Vacuole Production of genetic information 3 Nucleus Carbohydrate synthesis 4 Mitochondria Waste disposal 25. The diagram to the right represents a cell of a green plant. Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compounds in structure A, B, C or D? 26. Within which structure shown in the diagram below are energy-rich organic compounds used to produce ATP? 27. a. b. c. d. In the diagram to the right, structure B represents cells, only cells and tissues, only an organ with cells and tissues a complete system with organs, tissues and cells a. b. c. d. The cells of unicellular organisms are Specialized to perform different tasks Larger than those of multicellular organisms Able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life Unable to respond to changes in their environment 28. 29. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level? a. cell, tissue, organ system, organ c. tissue, organ, organ system, cell b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system 30. Which part of the lipid bilayer faces the watery environment? 31. Which part of the lipid bilayer faces away from the watery environment? 17 Label the following diagrams This is a cell This is an cell This is a cell 18