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Name: __________________________ Biology 449 - Animal Physiology Spring 2008 Final Exam Fill in your scantron form as follows: Write and bubble in your name in the upper left (last name first). Sign your form in the upper right. By so doing you verify that you are abiding by Creighton’s policy on academic honesty. Multiple choice: As always, choose the best answer for each multiple-choice question. Answer on your scantron form. Each question is worth 3 points. In the field of physiology, when we say that the kidneys help regulate sodium levels, we are referring to sodium levels in the a. b. c. d. e. blood. cytosol. interstitial fluid. Two of the above. All of the above. If an animal is trying to regulate K+ levels in its body, and K+ levels are too high, which of the following patterns would likely bring the most rapid return to desired levels? f. g. h. i. j. Increased K+ influx, increased K+ efflux Increased K+ influx, decreased K+ efflux Decreased K+ influx, increased K+ efflux Decreased K+ influx, decreased K+ efflux Hunker down and hope for the best. In human thermoregulation, the activity of sweat glands in controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. In the context of the negative feedback loop controlling body temperature, which component do neurons in the sympathetic system represent? k. l. m. n. o. Sensors Afferent pathways Integrating centers Efferent pathways Effectors Which of the following must normally be present for the generation of a membrane potential to occur? p. q. r. s. t. At least one charged particle. Permeability of the membrane to at least one charged particle. Permeability of the membrane to two or more charged particles. a and b. a and c. 1 Consider a mammal having a mutation that caused the myelin covering of its neurons to develop without nodes of Ranvier (i.e., there is a contiguous myelin covering along the entire neuron). What would be the likely effect on the propagation of action potentials in a relatively long neuron? u. Propagation would be faster due to better insulation along the entire axon. v. Propagation would be faster due to less time taken up generating new action potentials at the nodes. w. Propagation would be slower due to less ion exchange between the cell and interstitial fluid. x. Propagation would be slower due to reduced regeneration of membrane potential by new action potentials. y. Propagation of action potentials along the entire neuron would not occur. The release of synaptic vesicles from the cytoskeleton of a presynaptic neuron is directly triggered by (i.e., the thing that actually causes the release is) z. an influx of Ca2+ ions into the neuron. aa. an efflux of Ca2+ ions from the neuron. bb. an influx of Cl- into the neuron. cc. an influx of Na+ ions into the neuron. dd. an efflux of K+ ions from the neuron. The term “excitatory post synaptic potential” refers to ee. A single, relatively short lived depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron is response to a single action potential arriving at a presynaptic neuron. ff. A single, relatively short lived hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic neuron is response to a single action potential arriving at a presynaptic neuron. gg. The sum of all depolarizing effects acting on a postsynaptic neuron from all presynaptic neurons combined. hh. The sum of all hyperpolarizing effects acting on a postsynaptic neuron from all presynaptic neurons combined. ii. The condition in which the postsynaptic neuron is depolarized to threshold, initiating an action potential. In the sensory system, a receptor that senses mild pressure applied to the skin’s surface is an example of a jj. chemoreceptor. kk. mechanoreceptor. ll. nociceptor. mm. photoreceptor. nn. thermoreceptor. 2 In most tonic-type sensory neurons, an increase in stimulus intensity is encoded as oo. an increase in the amplitude of each action potential. pp. an increase in the duration of each action potential. qq. an increase in action potential frequency. rr. Two of the above. ss. All of the above. Which of the following is not known to activate any class of taste receptors? tt. Amino acids uu. Fats vv. Hydrogen ions ww. Salt xx. Sugars A person who lacked functioning hair cells would have trouble yy. with her equilibrium. zz. hearing. aaa. feeling pain. bbb. Two of the above. ccc. All of the above. If one sound strongly vibrated the region of the basilar membrane near the cochlea’s base, and another sound strongly vibrated the region near the cochlea’s tip, that means the sounds differ in their ddd. duration. eee. frequency. fff. volume. ggg. What’s that, sonny? Bass guitar hen’s brain? hhh. I said “BASILAR MEMBRANE.” The drug l-cis-diltiazem blocks cGMP-gated Na+ channels such as those found in vertebrate photoreceptors, so that Na+ cannot enter the cell. What would be the expected effect of this drug on photoreceptor function? iii. It would keep the cells depolarized, as if they were always in the dark. jjj. It would keep the cells depolarized, as if they were always in the light. kkk. It would keep the cells hyperpolarized, as if they were always in the dark. lll. It would keep the cells hyperpolarized, as if they were always in the light. mmm. It would make for a groovy light show, man. 3 Given their source (i.e., gonads), testosterone and estrogen must be an example of nnn. amines. ooo. neurohormones. ppp. peptide hormones. qqq. prostaglandins. rrr. steroid hormones. Which of the following is not believed to be a tropic hormone? sss. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ttt. Gonadotropin releasing hormone uuu. Luteinizing hormone vvv. Prolactin releasing hormone www. All of the above are tropic hormones. In adults, long bones no longer increase in length because xxx. growth hormones levels are too low to promote growth at the epiphyseal plates. yyy. sex hormone levels are too low to promote growth at the epiphyseal plates. zzz. increased sex hormone levels have caused the epiphyseal plates to “close,” or become inactive. aaaa. no activity of osteoblasts occurs after puberty. bbbb. Long bones do increase in length throughout life. If a sarcomere is lengthened beyond its normal resting length, its ability to produce force will be decreased because cccc. dddd. eeee. ffff. gggg. there is less overlap between the myosin heads and thin filaments. tropomyosin can no longer easily move away from myosin binding sites on actin. thin filaments begin overlapping, causing interference. elastic forces tend to pull the Z-lines back together. the effective concentration of ATP is reduced. As a whole muscle is called on to produce more and more force, the last motor units recruited will consist of hhhh. relatively small numbers of slow oxidative fibers. iiii. relatively large numbers of slow oxidative fibers. jjjj. relatively small numbers of fast glycolytic fibers. kkkk. relatively large numbers of fast glycolytic fibers. llll. Motor units within a muscle do not differ in their composition. 4 Force Force Which of the following graphs shows the normal pattern of force production during an isometric twitch contraction? Time Time Force b. Force mmmm. Time d. Force c. Time Time e. If 10.0 liters/min is flowing through the left heart, which of the following will also have 10 liters/min flowing through it? nnnn. oooo. pppp. qqqq. rrrr. The systemic arteries The systemic capillaries The system veins The right heart All of the above will have 10 liters/min flowing through them. If heart rate increases but cardiac output remains the same, then ssss. stroke volume must have decreased. tttt. stroke volume must have increased. uuuu. total peripheral resistance must have decreased. vvvv. total peripheral resistance must have increased. wwww. Heart rate does not affect cardiac output. 5 If there is increased vasoconstriction within a particular organ, the effect will be (assuming no other changes occur) xxxx. decreased blood flow to that organ and decreased total peripheral resistance. yyyy. decreased blood flow to that organ and increased total peripheral resistance. zzzz. increased blood flow to that organ and decreased total peripheral resistance. aaaaa. increased blood flow to that organ and increased total peripheral resistance. bbbbb. Instant organ death The rate at which lymph is formed (about 4 liters/day) is a result of ccccc. osmotic pressure forcing blood out of the capillaries, countered by hydrostatic pressure inward that is about 10% as strong. ddddd. osmotic pressure forcing blood out of the capillaries, countered by hydrostatic pressure inward that is about 90% as strong. eeeee. hydrostatic pressure forcing blood out of the capillaries, countered by osmotic pressure inward that is about 10% as strong. fffff. hydrostatic pressure forcing blood out of the capillaries, countered by osmotic pressure inward that is about 90% as strong. ggggg. combined hydrostatic and osmotic pressure forcing blood out of the capillaries. During the inhalation phase of the resting ventilatory cycle, the intrapleural pressure hhhhh. starts positive and increases further during inhalation. iiiii. starts positive but decreases during inhalation. jjjjj. starts at zero but decreases during inhalation. kkkkk. starts negative and decreases further during inhalation. lllll. starts negative but increases during inhalation. For a person with an anatomical dead space of 140ml, a tidal volume of 440ml, and a ventilation frequency of 10 breaths/min, the alveolar ventilation rate would be mmmmm. 1400 ml/min nnnnn. 3000 ml/min ooooo. 4400 ml/min ppppp. 5800 ml/min qqqqq. incalculable from the information given. Most carbon dioxide that enters the blood is transported in the form of rrrrr. dissolved CO2. sssss. carbamino compounds. ttttt. bicarbonate ion. uuuuu. Carbon dioxide is present in about equal amounts in two of these forms. vvvvv. Carbon dioxide is present in about equal amounts in all three of these forms. 6 The oxygen affinity curve shown below is for myoglobin. Based on this curve, about how much oxygen will be offloaded from myoglobin if the PO2 of surrounding muscle drops from 40 torr to 10 torr? Oxygen Saturation Curve 120 %MbO2 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 PO2 wwwww. 20% xxxxx. 40% yyyyy. 50% zzzzz. 60% aaaaaa. 80% When discussing gastrointestinal physiology, the term “absorption” refers to bbbbbb. the breakdown of food into simpler components. cccccc. the transport of food across the epithelial layer of the gut. dddddd. the uptake of nutrients by the liver. eeeeee. the transport of nutrients by the blood and lymph. ffffff. the storage of nutrients for future use. Bile salts are important in the digestion of fats because gggggg. they promote the release of digestive enzymes by the pancreas. hhhhhh. they break fats down into fatty acids and glycerol. iiiiii. they act as detergents to help emulsify fat droplets. jjjjjj. they transport fatty acids across the apical membrane of the epithelial cells. kkkkkk. they transport fats across the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. During the post-absorptive phase, fat cells normally llllll. take up fatty acids and store them as fat. mmmmmm. take up glucose and convert them to fat for storage. nnnnnn. release fatty acids for use by the nervous system. oooooo. release fatty acids for use by most cell types. pppppp. a and b 7 Normally, an increase in levels of the hormone leptin qqqqqq. decreases metabolic rate. rrrrrr. results from an increase in fat stores. ssssss. results from a sudden decrease in food intake. tttttt. results from sudden weight loss. uuuuuu. results in an increase in appetite. If a substance S enters the nephrons at a rate of 1.0mg/min, and exits the nephrons at a rate of 1.0mg/min, which of the following is likely true? (Be sure to read carefully!) vvvvvv. S is being reabsorbed by the kidneys. wwwwww. S is being secreted by the kidneys. xxxxxx. S is neither being reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. yyyyyy. It is impossible to guess how the kidneys are handling S. zzzzzz. There really aren’t any other choices, are there? Most of the reabsorption of water (by volume) in the nephrons takes place in the aaaaaaa. bbbbbbb. ccccccc. ddddddd. eeeeeee. proximal tubule. descending loop of Henle. ascending loop of Henle. distal tubule. collecting duct. 2. Antidiuretic hormone has its main effects by a. b. c. d. e. altering sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct. increasing permeability of the collecting ducts to water. upregulating activity by the loop of Henle. decreasing the rate of formation of the primary urine. promoting vasodilation. 3. Which of the following would trigger antidiuretic hormone release most strongly? a. b. c. d. e. Decreased blood osmolarity and decreased blood pressure Decreased blood osmolarity and increased blood pressure Increased blood osmolarity and decreased blood pressure Increased blood osmolarity and increased blood pressure ADH is not affected by blood osmolarity. The region of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that senses sodium levels in the urine is the f. g. h. i. j. afferent arteriole. efferent arteriole. granular cells. macula densa. sympathetic osmoreceptors. 8 In males, the release of testosterone k. l. m. n. o. is from the Leydig cells and is promoted by follicle stimulating hormone. is from the Leydig cells and is promoted by luteinizing hormone. is from the Sertoli cells and is promoted by follicle stimulating hormone. is from the Sertoli cells and is promoted by luteinizing hormone. Who needs testosterone when you have anabolic steroids? In men, the erection of the penis results from p. q. r. s. t. vasodilation of arterioles and vasocompression of venules. vasoconstriction of arterioles and vasocompression of venules. vasodilation of arterioles and vasoexpansion of venules. vasoconstriction of arterioles and vasoexpansion of venules. So many possibilities here that could get me in trouble… In women, u. estrogen is made de novo by the theca cells. v. estrogen is made de novo by the granulosa cells. w. androgen is made by the theca cells and converted into estrogen by the granulosa cells. x. androgen is made by the granulosa cells and converted into estrogen by the theca cells. y. estrogen is made outside the ovaries. The effects of progesterone on the uterus include z. the promotion of endometrial growth. aa. the promotion of nutritive secretions by the endometrium. bb. the inhibition of contractions by the uterus. cc. Two of the above. dd. All of the above. Short answer (beginning on next page): Write a concise answer to each question. Your answers should fit in the spaces provided. Diagrams may be used but must be accompanied by sufficient explanation to make the components clear. Each question is worth 8 points. 9 4. Provide a brief (one or two sentence) description and an example for each of the following routes of transport across a cell membrane: Primary active transport: Secondary active transport: Permeation: Facilitated diffusion: 5. For each of the following, briefly (one or two sentences) indicate the effects of the change in channel state on membrane voltage during an action potential: Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels: Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels: Closing of voltage-gated K+ channels: Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels: 10 6. Using a reasonably detailed diagram or a written description, describe the hormonal pathway associated with the thyroid gland, including effects of the thyroid hormone(s) and any feedback loops. 7. Describe the by which a single action potential arriving at a muscle fiber causes the muscle to first initiate and then end contraction. Discuss only events that occur outside the myofibril, not the molecular events involving the thick and thin filaments. 11 8. Put the following cardiac cycle events in the correct sequence by providing ordered list of the identifying letters: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Atrioventricular valves open Atrioventricular valves close Semilunar valves open Semilunar valves close Isovolemic ventricular contraction Isovolemic ventricular relaxation Atrial contraction Ventricular ejection Blood begins moving from atria into ventricles Sinoatrial node action potential triggered Ventilation rate Ventilation rate 9. In the figures below, draw in the approximate relationship between ventilation rate and a) PO2 and b) PCO2 levels. The dotted lines represent normal resting ventilation rates, and the units for ventilation are arbitrary – I am not looking for exact ventilation rates, so none need to be added. Briefly (a few sentences) explain the reason for the different pattern in the two figures. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 36 Arterial PO2 (torr) 40 44 Arterial PCO2 (torr) 12 48 Choose two of the following three hormones associated with digestion and diagram or describe the associated pathways and negative feedback loops: Gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin. 10. Diagram or describe the pathways and feedback loop associated with the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system. Be sure the action(s) of each component is/are clear. 13 11. Describe the events that occur in creating a mature sperm from a spermatogonium. You should indicate where different events take place, but you do not need to describe the hormonal pathways that support spermatogenesis. Blood Hormone Level 12. On the graph below, draw in lines representing the approximate levels of progesterone, estrogen and luteinizing hormone across the “normal” 28 menstrual cycle of a woman. Also indicate (in whatever way is most convenient) the time at which each of the events below occurs. 0 7 14 Time (days) a. b. c. d. e. Ovulation Beginning of follicular development Appearance of the dominant follicle Menstruation Luteal phase 14 21 28