Download eukaryotic cells

What is a polysaccharide?
Monosaccharide?
Agenda for Wednesday Feb 22nd
1. Finish macromolecules
2. Cells
Cell Theory
Anton van Leewenhoek
• Created a microscope
• Saw living things in milk, pond water, etc
Matthias Schlieden
• Looked at plants and concluded they were
composed of cells
Theodore Schwann
• Animals composed of cells
Rudolph Virchow
• All cells come from existing cells
Cell Theory
Robert Hooke
• Made simple microscope
• Looked at cork
– observed small box like
structures
– Called them cellulae (small
rooms) = cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Created a microscope
• Saw living things in milk, pond water, etc
Matthias Schleiden
• Studies plant tissues and concluded that all
plants are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann
• Animals tissues consist of cells
Rudolph Virchow
• Proposed that all cells are produced from
existing cells
Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one or more
cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
organization of all living organisms
3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells
Cell Organelles
• Organelle= “little organ”
• Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
• Main point of a cell is to
make proteins
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
** Organelles – specialized structures in cells that carryout specific
functions
Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotes
• Small and simple
• Circular DNA
• No nucleus or organelles
• Usually unicellular
– Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotes
• Higher level organisms
and function
• plants, animals
• Nucleus with linear DNA
• Many organelles
Viruses
• Neither living or nonliving
• Take on characteristics
of hosts/infected cell
• Made up of protein coat
and DNA
Size of Cells
Smallest= prokaryote
Eukaryotic = largest
Organelles in the Cell
• Plasma (cell) membrane
– Controls what enters and leaves cell
– Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Cytoplasm - Jelly like substance filling the
inside of a cell that hold organelles
• Cell Wall – plants and fungi only
– Located outside of the cell membrane
– Rigid, protective barrier
– Plants’ = cellulose
Fungi = chitin
• Nucleus - contains DNA
– DNA – instructions needed to
produce proteins
• Chromatin
• Nucleolus – within nucleus
– Makes ribosomes
• Nucleoplasma – liquid within
nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Single, continuous membrane
• Pipes, tubes and tunnels in cell
– Superhighway of the cell
• 2 kinds:
– Rough ER
• Ribosomes (all cells)
– Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Ribosome
• Site of protein synthesis
• Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free
• Produced in nucleolus
Golgi Apparatus
• Looks like a stack of plates
• Stores, modifies and packages proteins
• The UPS of the cell
• Molecules transported by means of vesicles
Mitochondria
• Produces energy for the cell via
respiration
– Cell's "power house“
– Converts sugars into energy
(ATP)
• Composed of 2 membranes
Chloroplasts
• Found only in green plant cells and algae
• Site of photosynthesis
– Use the sun’s energy and convert to chemical energy
• Contain pigment chlorophyll
Plastids
• Chromoplasts – that produce and store
pigments
– other than chloroplasts
– flowers, leaves, roots and ripe fruits
• Leucoplast – starch storage
Vacuoles
• Storage container for water, food, enzymes,
wastes, pigments, etc.
• Plants
Lysosomes &Peroxisomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Breakdown cell's food and wastes
Cilia/Flagella
**Help move cell
• Cilia – all over cell, smaller
• Flagella – longer projections
Other cell parts
Cytoskeleton
• Framework inside cell
• Support and movement
Centrioles
• cell division
• Found only in animal cells
Plant vs. Animal Cell
***Both are eukaryotic!!
Plant Cells
• Cell Wall
– And cell membrane
• Chloroplasts
• Large vacuoles
• Rarely have lysosomes
Animal Cells
• Cell membrane only
• Small or absent vacuoles
• Centriole
• Lysosome
All other organelles are the same in each cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cells have some things in common
• Cell membrane
• Genetic material (DNA/RNA)
• Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
• Allows nutrients into and waste out of cell
– Homeostasis
• Selective Permeability – only allows some stuff to
pass through
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
• Fluid-mosaic model - phospholipid bilayer
which molecules can float and move around
– Components are in constant motion
Phospholipid Bilayer
• Two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group (head)
– The phosphate group is polar (hydrophilic), likes
water
– The tails are nonpolar (hydrophobic), dislikes water
• Form a bilayer
Flexibility of Membrane
• The fatty acid tails are flexible, causing fluidity
– Cells are flexible
– At body temperature, membranes are a liquid
– Similar to cooking oil
Components of the Membrane
• Cholesterol
– Hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end
– Makes membrane less permeable
– Increases fluidity
• Proteins scattered throughout membrane
– Inner: anchor membrane to cell = shape
– Outer: send and receive signals
– Embedded: move substances in and out of cell
Other Components of the Membrane
Carbohydrates
• Stick out from membrane
• Provide shape
• Help identify chemical signals
Whiteboard questions
1. What does the cell membrane do?
2. Who was the first to say that cells come from
other cells?
3. What did Schwann do?
4. What are tiny parts of the cell called?
5. What is made up of cells?
6. What do all cells have in common?
7. Who said that plants were made up of cells?
8. Who was the guy who was the first to look
at living cells?
9. What is the cell theory?
10. What are you, a prokaryote or eukaryote?
Why?
11. What do ribosomes do?
12. Name two organelles only found in plants.
13. What does the mitochondria do?
Lab Reminders
1.
2.
3.
4.
Need less than a drop of methylene blue
Onion and cheek need blue
Do NOT gouge your cheek and create blood
Potato = iodine
45
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_zD3Nx
SsD8
• http://www.bozemanscience.com/a-tour-ofthe-cell
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5
NEXC8
Cell Review
Cell Review
• Questions 14-18, 22, 38-46 starting on page
175
• Questions 3 & 5 on page 186
• Questions 1-5 on Page 190
• Questions 1,2,4,5 on Page 200
Organelle Posters
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Cell Theory
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Who discovered and when
Function and description
Type of cell
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Cell Wall
Centriole
Chloroplast
Cilia/flagella
Cytoskeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome/peroxisome
Location in cell
Picture