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Cell Structure & Function PPT Notes
Mr. Distasio
Name _______________________________ per_____ date __________
Objectives:
 Outline the biologists and discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory.
 List the main points of the cell theory.
 Identify and understand the limits of cell size.
 Describe and explain the relationship between cell shape and function.
 Describe the structure, composition, and function of the cell membrane.
 Identify by diagram and explain the function of cellular organelles.
 Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 Explain the difference between plant and animal cells.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Living Things & Cells
All Organisms are Made of Cells:



The cell is the basic unit of ____________________ & ______________________
The cell is the smallest unit that can still carry on all ________ _______________________
Both _______________(one celled) and ________________________ (many celled) organisms
are composed of cells
_____________________________________________________________________________________
History:


Before the 17th century, no one knew cells existed
In the early 17th century __________________ were invented & cells were seen for the
1st time
1. ______________________________, a Dutchman, made the
First hand-held microscope & viewed microscopic organisms in
water & bacteria from his teeth
2. In 1665, an English scientist named _______________________ made
an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork viewing plant cell
walls
Hooke named what he saw "____________"
3. In 1831, Scottish botanist Robert _________________ used the
word nucleus to describe the dark, central globule. (The word
nucleus is Latin for little nut.)
4. In the 1830’s, Matthias ______________(German botanist
studying plants) & Theodore ________________ (German zoologist studying animals) stated
that all living things were made of cells
5. In 1855, German scientist Rudolf _____________ stated that cells only arise from pre-existing
cells
The combined work of Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow is known as the _________________
Principles of the Cell Theory
A.
B.
C.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Cell Diversity
 Not all cells are alike
 Cells differ in __________, _____________, and ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Cell Size:
 Most cells measured in ___________________________
 The female _________ cell is the largest cell in the body & can be seen without a microscope
(ostrich egg is the largest know cell)
 A group of bacteria called ____________________ are the smallest known cells

___________________ cells, although microscopically thin, can be very long (some up to 6
feet in giraffes)
Why are cells small?
Two important factors with cell size are: __________________________ & ____________________
Calculate the Surface Area, Volume, and ratio for the following cells:
Surface Area
Volume
SA:Vol Ratio
1
2
4
Summary; Cells are small because:
 Cells need surface area of their cell membrane large enough to adequately _______________
___________________with the environment (wastes, gases such as O2 & CO2, and nutrients)
 Cells are limited in size by the ratio between their outer ____________ _______ & their ________
 Small cells have more surface area for their volume of cytoplasm than large cells
 As cells grow, the amount of _______________ __________ becomes too _____________ to
allow materials to enter & leave the cell _________________ _________________________
2. Cell Shape/Function:

Cells come in a variety of shapes, & the shape helps determine the function of the cell
_____________ Cells are round – travel through small vessels (sickle cell anemia problem)
_____________ Cells are long and thin – transmit nerve impulses across long distances
_____________ Cells are squared – provide a wall-like barrier when linked together
_____________ Cells are tapered – provide for contraction allowing movement
Cell Organelles: a cell component that performs specific functions for the cell.

Just as the organs of a multicellular organism carry out the organism's life functions, the
organelles of a cell maintain the life of the cell.
1. Cell Membrane:
 The entire cell is surrounded by a thin, double-layered membrane.
 The cell membrane is a complex barrier separating the cell from it's external environment.
 This "_______________________ ______________________________" Membrane
regulates what passes into and out of the cell.
 Cell Membranes are made mostly of
__________________ molecules
 Cell membranes consist of ______
Phospholipid layers called a _________
_______________.
 The _______________ phosphate “heads”
face the watery fluids inside and outside
the cell.
 The _________________lipid “tails” are
sandwiched inside the bilayer.
 In addition, other structures, like
_____________ are embedded into the
lipid bilayer and serve various functions.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF CELL MEMBRANES
 Membranes are ____________________ and have the consistency of vegetable oil.
 The lipids and proteins of the cell membrane are always in ______________________.
 Phospholipids are able to drift across the membrane, changing places with their neighbor.
 Proteins in and on the membrane form patterns, or _____________________.
2. CYTOPLASM:




Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the cell’s cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm consists of two main components: _____________and the
_____________________.
Cyotosol is a colloid mixture that consists mostly of _______________, along with
_________________, ______________________ , salts, minerals and other organic
molecules
Cytoplasm is always in constant motion = Cytoplasmic Streaming or Brownian Motion
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER):



The ER is an extensive network of membranes connects different parts of the cell and usually
connects the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane.
The ER functions primarily as an intracellular ________________________ , a path along
which molecules move from one part of the cell to another.
Can be ____________ ER or _________________ ER.
A. Rough ER is studded with __________________ and
processes proteins to be exported from the cell.
B. Smooth ER is not covered with______________ and
processes lipids and carbohydrates. The Smooth ER is
involved in the synthesis of steroids in gland cells, the
regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, and the
breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells.
4. RIBOSOMES:
 Ribosomes are the site of ____________ _________________ (Production or Construction) in a cell.
 They are the most numerous organelles in almost all cells.
 Some are free in the cytoplasm; others line the membranes of the _______________________
5. GOLGI APPARATUS:
 The Golgi Apparatus is a system of membranes. It is
made of flattened _____________structures and is
involved in the p_______________, p_______________
and s________________ of materials in the cell.
 _______________________ (packages of chemicals)
bud off at the edges.
6. MITOCHONDRIA:
 Mitochondria are found scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and are relatively large, beanshaped organelles
 The "____________________________" of the cell: Site of cellular respiration and the
production of ______. ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their main ____________
currency.
 Mitochondria is surrounded by TWO Membranes
 The inner membrane has many folds, known as ______________.
The cristae greatly increases the surface area of the inner
membrane, providing more space for
the chemical reactions to occur (more ATP).
 Mitochondria have their own _________, and new mitochondria
arise only when existing ones grow and divide.
7. LYSOSOMES:
 Lysosomes are small spherical organelles that enclose digestive ______________ within a
single membrane
 Lysosomes are the site of food ______________ in the cell
 Lysosomes are formed from pieces of the _____________
that break off
 Common in animal, fungi, and protist cells, but rare in
plant cells
8. NUCLEUS:
 The nucleus is often the most prominent structure within a Eukaryotic Cell
 The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
 The nucleus is surrounded by a double layer membrane
called the_______________ ___________________.
 The nucleus contains _________, the hereditary material
of the cell..
 The DNA is in the form of a long strand called
____________________________
 During cell division, the chromatin strands coil and condense
into thick structures called ________________________
9. NUCLEOLUS:
 Most nuclei contain at least one nucleolus (plural = nucleoli)
 The nucleolus produces (synthesizes) _________________.
The Cytosleleton:
 In animal cells, an internal framework called ________________ maintains the __________
of the cell., participates in the _______________ of organelles within the cytosol, and
helps the cell “move”.
 Composed of _____________________ and
______________________.
10. MICROFILAMENTS:


Microfilaments are _____ __________________
and have a structure that resembles rope.
Microfilaments can contract, causing
____________________________
11. MICROTUBULES:

Microtubules are _______________ _________________like plumbing pipes.
They are the largest strands of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules have three functions:
A.
B. To serve as tracks for organelles and molecules to
__________ along within the cell.
C. When the cell is about to divide, _________________
create bundles of microtubules known
as _______________ __________________.
Some microtubules are bundled into structures called _________and _______________.

CILIA ARE

CILIA ARE

FLAGELLA ARE

FLAGELLA ARE
 Unicellular organisms such as Paramecium and Euglena
 use cilia and flagella to __________ through water.
 ________________ use flagella to swim to the egg.
 In humans, beating cilia line parts of the ____________________
system, moving dust particles and bacteria away from the lungs.
Types of Cells
Prokaryotic:
Eukaryotic:
Have _____ membrane bound_______________
Have _______ membrane bound organelles
All _____________________ are prokaryotic
Have a membrane bound ______________
Have ________membrane bound organelles
All other cells are eukaryotic
Plant Cells:
Animal Cells:
Have a cell ________ made of cellulose
Typically has one central _________________
No cell wall
Many small vacuoles
(stores food and water)
Contain ________________________,
the sites of __________________________
Contains chlorophyll (green)
Typically __________ - ________ like in shape
No chloroplasts
Typically “rounder” in shape.