* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP Biology Ch. 12 Reading Guide – Molecular Biology of the Gene
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
AP Biology Ch. 12 Reading Guide – Molecular Biology of the Gene 12.1 1. Describe 3 properties that a substance must have in order to serve as genetic material. 2. Describe Griffith’s experiments and explain what was accomplished. 3. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely candidate for the genetic material and why? 4. Briefly explain how Avery and MacLeod used enzymes to demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material. Class Notes: Name ___________________________ 5. Briefly describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment and results. 6. What is transformation and why is it possible to do this with different organisms? 7. What are “Chargaff’s Rules”? 8. Explain the implications of Chargaff’s second rule related to base pairing. 9. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent of the other three bases. 10. What technique did Rosalind Franklin do to help Watson and Crick in determining a model for DNA? 11. Briefly describe Watson and Cricks Model. 12. What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? What are the two types of nucleotides and what bases make up each type? 13. What is meant by the term “antiparallel” when discussing the double helix of DNA? Include what is meant by the 5’ end and the 3’ end of a strand of DNA. 14. In which direction is DNA read and usually replicated? 12-2 14. Explain how the replication of DNA is semiconservative. 15. Describe the 3 general steps of DNA replication. 16. Describe the function of each of the following enzymes used in DNA replication: a. helicase – b. topoisomerase – c. DNA polymerase – d. DNA ligase – e. primase – 18. Explain the problem presented by the fact that the parent strands of DNA are antiparallel. How is this problem solved? 19. Describe telomeres and explain their importance. 20. Contrast DNA replication in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells. 12.3 21. Contrast DNA and RNA polymers. 22. Describe the function of the three types of RNA. 23. Explain the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: 24. Briefly describe the function of transcription and translation. 25. Define the term messenger RNA codon (triplet code). 26. Discuss 3 features of the genetic code. 12.4 27. Briefly describe transcription. (See #28 below first.) 28. What occurs during the following stages of transcription? a. Initiation – b. Elongation – c. Termination - 28. Describe how the 3’ and 5’ ends of pre-mRNA are modified before leaving the nucleus. 29. Discuss the meaning of the terms introns and exons. 30. Explain alternative mRNA splicing. 12.5 31. Briefly describe the general process of translation. 32. Describe the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) and explain how its structure relates to its function. 33. Describe where ribosomes are made and where they end up in the cell. 34. What is the structure of a ribosome? What are the 4 binding sites on a ribosome? 35. Save this section for notes in class about the 3 stages of translation. 12.6 36. Use Figure 12.20 in your textbook to describe the levels of chromosome structure in eukaryotic cells. 37. Contrast euchromatin and heterochromatin with regard to structure and function of each. 38. SAVE THIS SECTION TO TAKE NOTES ON CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS.