Download AP Biology Ch. 12 Reading Guide – Molecular Biology of the Gene

AP Biology Ch. 12 Reading Guide – Molecular Biology of the Gene
12.1
1. Describe 3 properties that a substance must have in order to
serve as genetic material.
2. Describe Griffith’s experiments and explain what was
accomplished.
3. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely
candidate for the genetic material and why?
4. Briefly explain how Avery and MacLeod used enzymes to
demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material.
Class Notes:
Name ___________________________
5. Briefly describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment and results.
6. What is transformation and why is it possible to do this with
different organisms?
7. What are “Chargaff’s Rules”?
8. Explain the implications of Chargaff’s second rule related to
base pairing.
9. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent
of the other three bases.
10. What technique did Rosalind Franklin do to help Watson and
Crick in determining a model for DNA?
11. Briefly describe Watson and Cricks Model.
12. What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? What are the two types
of nucleotides and what bases make up each type?
13. What is meant by the term “antiparallel” when discussing the
double helix of DNA? Include what is meant by the 5’ end and the
3’ end of a strand of DNA.
14. In which direction is DNA read and usually replicated?
12-2
14. Explain how the replication of DNA is semiconservative.
15. Describe the 3 general steps of DNA replication.
16. Describe the function of each of the following enzymes used
in DNA replication:
a. helicase –
b. topoisomerase –
c. DNA polymerase –
d. DNA ligase –
e. primase –
18. Explain the problem presented by the fact that the parent
strands of DNA are antiparallel. How is this problem solved?
19. Describe telomeres and explain their importance.
20. Contrast DNA replication in prokaryotic cells and in
eukaryotic cells.
12.3
21. Contrast DNA and RNA polymers.
22. Describe the function of the three types of RNA.
23. Explain the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
24. Briefly describe the function of transcription and translation.
25. Define the term messenger RNA codon (triplet code).
26. Discuss 3 features of the genetic code.
12.4
27. Briefly describe transcription. (See #28 below first.)
28. What occurs during the following stages of transcription?
a. Initiation –
b. Elongation –
c. Termination -
28. Describe how the 3’ and 5’ ends of pre-mRNA are modified
before leaving the nucleus.
29. Discuss the meaning of the terms introns and exons.
30. Explain alternative mRNA splicing.
12.5
31. Briefly describe the general process of translation.
32. Describe the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) and explain how its
structure relates to its function.
33. Describe where ribosomes are made and where they end up
in the cell.
34. What is the structure of a ribosome? What are the 4 binding
sites on a ribosome?
35. Save this section for notes in class about the 3 stages of
translation.
12.6
36. Use Figure 12.20 in your textbook to describe the levels of
chromosome structure in eukaryotic cells.
37. Contrast euchromatin and heterochromatin with regard to
structure and function of each.
38. SAVE THIS SECTION TO TAKE NOTES ON CHROMOSOME
MUTATIONS.