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Transcript
Chapter # 2 Cells Sec. 2-1 Cell Structure Cell – The smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Common Cell traits: 1. Cell Membrane – The outer covering of the cell. 2. Cytoplasm – a gel-like material inside the cell membrane that contains the cell organelles, hereditary material, and is the location of most of the cell’s life processes. Two groups of Cells: 1. Prokaryotic Cells – Cells without membrane-bound structures (bacteria). 2. Eukaryotic Cells – Cells with membrane-bound structures (Plants, Protists, Fungi, and Animals are made of Eukaryotic cells. Cell Organization: Cell Wall – Tough, rigid outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape. Cell walls are found in plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria. The cell wall is made of a carbohydrate called cellulose. Cell Membrane – Protective layer around all cells that allows certain things such as water and food in and out of the cell (selectively permeable). Cytoplasm – a gelatin like substance that constantly flows inside the cell membrane; it holds the organelles of the cell. Organelles – Structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that can act as a storage site, process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances. Nucleus – The control center of the cell. It is an organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA. Usually the largest organelle. Figure 6: Plant and Animal Cells have a few differences- plant cells have all the structures found in animal cells plus1. Cell Wall 2. Large Vacuoles 3. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts – an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which gives leaves and stems their green color. Chlorophyll captures light energy and uses it to make sugar called glucose. Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell. A cell organelle surrounded by two membranes that break down food molecules to make ATP (energy molecule). Ribosome’s – Small organelles in the cell where proteins are made from amino acids. The most numerous organelle. Endoplasmic Reticulum – (ER) A membrane covered organelle that produces lipids, breaks down drugs, and packages proteins for delivery out of the cell. An internal transportation system. Golgi Bodies – The cell organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell. Lysosomes – contains chemicals that help break down food molecules, cell wastes, foreign invaders, and worn out cell parts. From Cell to Organism: Cell – The smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Tissue – a group of similar cells that work together to do one job Organ – a structure made up of two or more types of tissue that work together Organ System – a group of organs working together Sec. 2-2 Viewing Cells Magnifying Cells: Magnify – to increase the size of something. the first microscope was made by a Dutch maker of reading glasses in the late 1500’s but in the 1600’s another microscope was made by a man named Antoine van Leeuwenhoek. There are many types of microscopes: 1. Compound Light Microscope 2. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 2D details of cell parts 3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 3D only surface features Cell Theory: 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from other cells Sec. 2-3 Viruses Cold sores, measles, chicken pox, colds, flu, AIDS, etc. What are Viruses? Virus – strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating. Viruses do not have a nucleus or other organelles and are not considered to be alive. They lack a cell membrane and can not reproduce on their own. * Viruses come in many shapes and sizes. They were discovered only days after the electron microscopes were invented because they are too small to be seen with a compound light microscope. Before the electron microscope it was hypothesized by scientists. How do Viruses Multiply? all viruses can do is make copies of themselves, but they can not do it without the help of a host cell. Host Cell – a living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli. The two ways that a virus can act inside a host cell are 1) it can become active, 2) it can become latent Viruses can sometimes affect a broad range of hosts Fighting Viruses: Vaccines – preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases. Diseases that can be treated by vaccines include: 1. Measles 2. Mumps 3. Small pox 4. Chicken pox 5. Polio 6. Rabies * The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. He first developed it for small pox. Chapter # 2 Vocabulary Sec. # 1 1. Cell – The smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. 2. Cell Membrane – The outer covering of the cell. 3. Cytoplasm – a gel-like material inside the cell membrane that contains the cell organelles, hereditary material, and is the location of most of the cell’s life processes. 4. Prokaryotic Cells – Cells without membrane-bound structures (bacteria). 5. Eukaryotic Cells – Cells with membrane-bound structures (Plants, Protists, Fungi, and Animals are made of Eukaryotic cells. 6. Cell Wall – Tough, rigid outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape. Cell walls fungi and most bacteria. The cell wall is made of a carbohydrate called cellulose. are found in plants, algae, 7. Cell Membrane – Protective layer around all cells that allows certain things such as water and food in and out of the cell (selectively permeable). 8. Cytoplasm – a gelatin like substance that constantly flows inside the cell membrane; it holds the organelles of the cell. 9. Organelles – Structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that can act as a storage site, process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances. 10. Nucleus – The control center of the cell. It is an organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA. Usually the largest organelle 11. Chloroplasts – an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which gives leaves and stems their green color. Chlorophyll captures light energy and uses it to make sugar called glucose. 12. Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell. A cell organelle surrounded by two membranes that break down food molecules to make ATP (energy molecule). 13. Ribosome’s – Small organelles in the cell where proteins are made from amino acids. The most numerous organelle. 14. Endoplasmic Reticulum – (ER) A membrane covered organelle that produces lipids, breaks down drugs, and packages proteins for delivery out of the cell. An internal transportation system. 15. Golgi Bodies – The cell organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell. 16. Lysosomes – contains chemicals that help break down food molecules, cell wastes, foreign invaders, and worn out cell parts. 17. Tissue – a group of similar cells that work together to do one job 18. Organ – a structure made up of two or more types of tissue that work together Sec. # 2 1. Magnify – to increase the size of something. 2. Cell Theory: A. B. C. All organisms are made up of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of life All cells come from other cells Sec. # 3 1. Host Cell – a living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli. 2. Vaccines – preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.