Download Instructional Objectives—DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

Name: __________________________
Review Sheet--Protein Synthesis
Objective 1: List the 3 main parts of a nucleotide and label them on a diagram.
 In DNA, the % of A always equals the % of T and the % of G always equals the % of C.

What are the three main parts of a nucleotide? Draw a picture and label each part.
a. Sugar
b. Phosphate
c. Nitrogen Base

The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. The sugar in RNA is ribose.

For each of the following, tell whether it would be found in DNA, RNA or both.
B Phosphate
R
B adenine
uracil
R
ribose
B guanine
B cytosine
D thymine
D deoxyribose.
Objective 2: Explain the relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes.
 For each pair of words below write a sentence explaining how they are related.
o DNA and gene-gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
o
DNA and chromosome-Chromosome is tightly coiled DNA
o
Chromosome and gene-Chromosomes contain many genes that code for specific proteins
Objective 3: Explain how nucleotides are arranged in DNA and RNA.
 If DNA is a ladder, where are sugars and phosphates located? Nitrogen bases?
On the sides of the ladder. NB are on the rungs.
 DNA is double stranded, but RNA is Single stranded
Objective 4: Relate the structure of DNA to its function in carrying genetic information.
 How does DNA carry genetic information?
In sequences of Nitrogen Bases that code for a specific protein.
 Genes contain the instructions for making or assembling proteins.
Objective 5: Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure and
function.
 Use the Venn diagram at the right to compare DNA & RNA.
Include 2 similarities and 2 differences.

Which type of RNA…..
o Carries the information from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm? mRNA
o Acts as a carrier for amino acids? tRNA
o Make up ribosomes? rRNA
Objective 6: Explain the relationship between amino acids, polypeptides and proteins.
 Use the words “amino acids, polypeptides and proteins” to fill in the sentence below.
A Protein is a 3D folded structure made up of many Amino Acids that are joined together in a long chain called
a Polypeptide.
Objective 7: Describe the purpose and location of transcription
 What is made during transcription? mRNA

Why does transcription need to occur? So that the DNA sequence (gene) can be carried outside the nucleus
and translated.
Name: __________________________
Review Sheet--Protein Synthesis

Where in the cell does transcription occur? Cytoplasm
Objective 8: Describe and model the process of transcription.
 Transcribe the following strand of DNA into mRNA: T A C G G A A T T T C C G G A A G T
AUGCCUUAAAGGCCUUCA
Objective 9: Describe the purpose of translation.
 What is produced during translation? An amino acid sequence (polypeptide) that conforms into a protein.

Why are the substances produced during translation important? These are the materials that make up our
traits and perform many functions within the body.
Objective 10: Identify the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis.
 What is the job of the ribosome? Translate the mRNA code into a protein by connecting the mRNA codon
with the appropriate tRNA anti-codon.
Objective 11: Describe the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
Describe the importance of each of the following molecules during protein synthesis?
DNA- Holds the original sequence that codes for a protein.
mRNA- Contains the complementary sequence of the original DNA
tRNA- transfers the appropriate amino acid for a given mRNA codon
Ribosomes- Processing plant for the translation of the mRNA code into an amino acid sequence
Objective 12:Given a DNA sequence transcribe it into mRNA and determine the amino acid sequence that
will be produced during translation.
 Transcribe the following strand of DNA into mRNA. Then translate it to determine the amino acid sequence
that will be produced (you will need your codon chart to do this).
DNA =
TACGGAAT T T CCGAAGT
mRNA = A U G/ C C U /U A A/ A G G /C U U /C A
AA =


Met, Proline, Leucine, Arginine, Leucine
Describe the job of each the following in protein synthesis:
o mRNA See above
o
tRNA
o
DNA
DNA
Use these words to label the diagram of protein synthesis to the right: mRNA,
polypeptide chain, amino acid, tRNA, DNA, ribosome
Polypeptide chain
AA
Objective 12: Explain how changes in DNA affect protein structure and evaluate
the significance of these changes.
Use this DNA sequence to answer the following questions:
ATAGCAGGCCATTAT
C
th
 If the 4 nitrogen base were changed from G to C, what effect would this
have on the final protein produced (how many amino acids would be
affected)? What kind of mutation is this? The amino acid Alanine would
be changed to Proline. A substitution.

tRNA
Ribosome
If the first letter of this DNA sequence was deleted, what affect would this have on the final protein
produced (how many amino acids would be affected)? What kind of mutation is this?
Name: __________________________
Review Sheet--Protein Synthesis
This would shift the entire codon sequence resulting in a different amino acid sequence. A deletion or
Frameshift mutation.
Be sure to review the process of DNA replication.
 Illustrate the process of DNA replication. Label the original and new strands of DNA in the final product.