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13-2: Manipulating DNA Biology 2 Introduction • Until very recently breeders could not change the DNA of the plants/animals they were breeding • Scientists use DNA structure and chemical properties to extract, cut into pieces, identify and copy DNA Tools of Molecular Biology • GENETIC ENGINEERING: process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms • You take the “code” out that you want • Read and change the code • Then put it back Tools of Molecular Biology • DNA extraction: cells are cut open, and DNA is separated from the other parts • Have to cut cells and nucleus open to get DNA Tools of Molecular Biology • Cutting DNA: DNA is cut into smaller parts using restriction enzymes to cut specific parts – RESTRICTION ENZYMES: enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides Tools of Molecular Biology • Separating DNA: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA pieces – GEL ELECTROPHORESIS: procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel • DNA is placed at one end, and electricity is used to separate pieces Using the DNA sequence • Scientists use “colored” bases to copy pieces of DNA • When a “colored” base of DNA is added, replication is stopped – The “colored” bases show up on the electrophoresis (like previous picture!) • The colors on electrophoresis tell scientists the exact order of bases on the DNA Using the DNA sequence • DNA can be changed in lots of ways • Short sections can be made using DNA synthesizers • RECOMBINANT DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources – Recombinant DNA can connect 2 different species DNA together Using the DNA sequence • In order to study genes, biologists need to make many copies • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene – PCR Works like a copy machine making LOTS of copies Forensic Firsts: DNA Profiling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK0_CEl_I2I&oref=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fresults%3Fsearch_query%3DCSI%2B%2 Bepisode%2Bshowing%2BDNA%2Banalysis%26oq%3DCSI%2B%2Be pisode%2Bshowing%2BDNA%2Banalysis%26gs_l%3Dyoutube.3...21 782.26352.0.27593.20.20.0.0.0.0.101.1285.19j1.20.0...0.0...1ac.1.Q e2Y7KxKcXk&ytsession=3v8ti7Vfh_l1dN1adiSXfOrWPM3R9LJ1h5kmJr6WELC4ruoS91EBYiGIiqaPRWfCA7tlLxRC8Pe9lftGcUv7oKywxllUytZGMFudjHEeQhas5KN-IAV6UKmVm43kngqmkJoyenDEGN3ddkPaT5NKwGHAtQAuPLvHDfQeSHqG E5Twp0E2OYkP3xuVgLjsuyyxvosfJoVzMY2ovthpsDHXjUTnMB8uQU ht5QyvrKqgH6aObEC_2DyH9x1N9DeA6hYX7XM43obPEUHR4_Wz648Eq Xnw4xEIGsiuLKsD_8&has_verified=1