Download Manipulating DNA Notes

13-2: Manipulating DNA
Biology 2
Introduction
• Until very recently breeders
could not change the DNA of
the plants/animals they were
breeding
• Scientists use DNA structure
and chemical properties to
extract, cut into pieces, identify
and copy DNA
Tools of
Molecular
Biology
• GENETIC ENGINEERING:
process of making changes in
the DNA code of living
organisms
• You take the “code” out that
you want
• Read and change the code
• Then put it back
Tools of
Molecular
Biology
• DNA extraction: cells are cut
open, and DNA is separated
from the other parts
• Have to cut cells and nucleus
open to get DNA
Tools of
Molecular
Biology
• Cutting DNA: DNA is cut into
smaller parts using restriction
enzymes to cut specific parts
– RESTRICTION ENZYMES: enzyme
that cuts DNA at a specific sequence
of nucleotides
Tools of
Molecular
Biology
• Separating DNA: Gel
electrophoresis is used to
separate DNA pieces
– GEL ELECTROPHORESIS:
procedure used to separate and
analyze DNA fragments by placing a
mixture of DNA fragments at one
end of a porous gel and applying an
electrical voltage to the gel
• DNA is placed at one end, and
electricity is used to separate
pieces
Using the
DNA
sequence
• Scientists use “colored” bases
to copy pieces of DNA
• When a “colored” base of DNA
is added, replication is stopped
– The “colored” bases show up on
the electrophoresis (like previous
picture!)
• The colors on electrophoresis
tell scientists the exact order of
bases on the DNA
Using the
DNA
sequence
• DNA can be changed in lots of
ways
• Short sections can be made
using DNA synthesizers
• RECOMBINANT DNA: DNA
produced by combining DNA
from different sources
– Recombinant DNA can connect 2
different species DNA together
Using the
DNA
sequence
• In order to study genes,
biologists need to make many
copies
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR): technique that allows
molecular biologists to make
many copies of a particular
gene
– PCR Works like a copy machine
making LOTS of copies
Forensic Firsts: DNA Profiling
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