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Transcript
CHAPTER 7 THE CELL THE CELL 1. Most cells are too small to be seen without a microscope 2. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1600’s) invented the microscope and looked at microorganisms in water 3. Robert Hooke (1665) looked at cork and came up with the term “cell” Van Leeuwenhoek microscope cork cells 4. Matthias Schleiden (1830’s) found that plants are composed of cells. 5. Theodore Schwann (1830’s) found that animals are composed of cells. 6. Rudolf Virchow (1855) stated that cells can only come from existing cells. THE CELL THEORY 1. All things are made of cells. unicellular – organism is made of only one cell multicellular – organism is made of more than one cell 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. TWO TYPES OF CELLS 1. prokaryotes less complex no nucleus unicellular no membrane covered organelles most have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm DNA in the cytoplasm examples: bacteria 2. eukaryotes more complex has a nucleus unicellular or multicellular membrane covered organelles DNA located in nucleus examples: plants, animals fungi, algae, protists CELL STRUCTURES 1. cell wall found in plant cells and prokaryotes gives the cell structure and support cell wall 2. cell membrane (plasma membrane) “gate keeper” flexible barrier around the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell composed of 2 layers of lipids 3. nucleus the “control center” of the cell contains the genetic material (DNA) covered by the nuclear membrane nucleolus – stores the material that will be used to make ribosomes in the cytoplasm 4. cytoplasm “cyto” = cell all the material between the nucleus and the cell membrane cytoskeleton – protein filaments that provide structure and are used in cell movement ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM organelle – part of a cell that has a specific function 1. ribosome located in cytoplasm and on rough endoplasmic reticulum combines amino acids together to make proteins 2. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) storage and delivery system for the cell makes lipids 2 types rough ER – ER that contain ribosomes smooth ER – makes lipids rough ER smooth ER 3. Golgi apparatus modifies, processes and packages materials sent to it from the ER Golgi apparatus 4. lysosome contains digestive enzymes that break down food into particles that can be used for energy gets rid of waste products and worn out organelles protects against foreign invaders (germs) lysosome 5. vacuole structure used to store water or other liquids vacuole 6. mitochondria - “power house” bean shaped organelle that produces ATP ATP is the molecule that provides energy for cell processes ATP ADP + energy highly active cells like the heart and liver have many mitochondria mitochondria 7. chloroplast only found in plants and algae contain chlorophyll chlorophyll – green pigment (coloring) that traps sunlight energy to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis chloroplast 8. cytoskeleton “micro” = small microtubule - hollow protein tubes that give the cell shape and rigidity microfilament - protein rods that help the cell move and change shape 9. structures for movement flagella - long thin structure that uses a “whipping motion” to move the cell cilia – many short hair-like structures that use a “rowing motion” to move the cell flagella cilia