Download Goal 3.05 Examine the Theory of Evolution by Natural

3rd Benchmark Biology Review
Name_______________________
Goal 3.04: Chapter 13 and 14 Genetic Engineering and The Human
Genome Project
1. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to SEQUENCE HUMAN DNA. One of
the goals is to help people with genetic disorders by replacing a faulty gene;
this is calledGENE THERAPY
2. Selective breeding: 2 types are HYBRIDIZATION, INBREEDING and they
produce desired TRAITS/CHARACTERSTICS.
3. Two sources of genetic variation are MUTATIONS, and SEXUAL reproduction.
In sexual reproduction(meiosis), these two processes:_TETRAD
FORMATION and CROSSING OVER, guarantee variation. Inducing
mutations increases VARIATIONSin populations.
4. Polyploidy, as in strawberry plants, results in a new plant species because it
increases the number of CHROMOSOMES, and makes the plant
HEARTIER /LARGER-STRONGER.
5. This figure shows a RESTRICTION ENZYME cutting a DNA strand, which is
one of the first steps in producing RECOMBINANT DNA.
Figure 13–1
6. A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a recombinant DNA
plasmid from those that don’t carry the new DNA is called a(an)GENETIC
MARKER and
Antibiotics resistant to genes resistant genes are often used. This has been
causing the evolution of new
bacteria with RESISTANT GENES
7. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called
GENETIC ENGINEERING
8.
1.
2.
3.
Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows researchers to:
COMPARE GENES OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS (Species)
COMPARE GENES OF DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS
LOCATE & IDENTIFY ONE PARTICULAR GENE (of thousands that an
individual has)
9. Band D is further from the sample WELLS. This is because band D consists of
SHORTER / SMALLER fragments of DNA which are SMALLER / LIGHTER
than band C fragments. The process being shown below is GEL
ELECTROPHORESIS
10.Stem cells are UNSPECIALIZED cells (have no assigned TISSUE) that can be
used to repair damaged NERVE, MUSCLE, & LIVER cells. There is significant
controversy over stem cells because scientists can get them from EMBRYOS.
11.An advantage of cloning is that it produces IDENTICAL organisms/ tissues and
can be used to REPLACE diseased organs and produce consistently high yield
CROPS like corn. It is a form of ASEXUAL reproduction.
12.Two advantages of producing transgenic plants:contain genes that produce: 1)
natural insecticides, 2) resist weed killing chemicals, 3) resist rot & food
spoilage, 4) may produce human antibodies. Another name for these plants is
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS or GMO’s.
Two problems with producing transgenic plants are LOSS OF NATURAL
NUTRIENTS and LOSS OF NATURAL HORMONES & ANTIBODIES may
spread.(roundup ready corn is hard to get rid of in a neighbor’s field, pest-resistant
corn can kill beneficial insects)
13. Label the steps scientist take to produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin:
Goal 3.05 Examine the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
14.Summary of Darwin’s 5 points to Natural Selection
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1.
2.
4.
5.
15. There is natural variation in populations. These naturally occurring traits are
inherited, not acquired characteristics like ______________________.
16. Describe the 6 lines of evidence for evolution and give an example for each
1. ________________ ____________- DNA, proteins, and ______ acids are compared
to determine common ancestry of organisms. If few differences, it is a more _______
common __________.
2. _________________- embryos of vertebrates are similar, grow similar tissue
3. _________________- ________________________________
4. homologous structures-________________________________
5. _________________-________________________________
6. _________________-_______________________________
17. Match the theory with the experiment and sketch in the margin:
a. BIOGENESIS
b. ABIOGENESIS c. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
gooseneck flask of broth let air in, but not bacteria________
covered jar of meat did not let flies in, so only uncovered jar had maggots_______
abiotic stew and lightning could produce organic molecules_______
eukaryotes evolved from aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes which either invaded or were
engulfed by other prokaryotes.
6. The _____________Theory states that ___________ bacteria gave rise to mitochondria, and
_________ bacteria was the first chloroplast. They developed into the first ____________cell.
18. Evolution is a _________ in ____________frequency.
19. Speciation is the __________________________________. Reproductive isolation
can cause speciation by
a. __________________________-_____________________________
b. __________________________- ____________________________
20. Define 4 methods of evolution, and give an example.
1. adaptive radiation- _____________________________________________________
2. ______________ - _____________________________________________________
3. ______________- _____________________________________________________
4. coevolution______________________________________________________
19. Relative Dating
Absolute Dating
20. List the pattern of evolution for
a. dophins and man _____________________
b. dolphins and sharks____________________
c. insects and flowers_____________________
21. Sketch the resulting population curve below if
a. average sized beaks were preferred by females
b. small seeds and large seeds survived the drought
c. Large beaks did better, and the avg size increased
A.
B.
C.
Goal 4.01: Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary
relationships
22. Linneaus Classification System had just ___kingdoms. Linneaus used ________________
relationships;we now use __________________relationships using bio__________evidence.
With more knowledge of diversity of organisms, Modern System has __Domains and ___
Kingdoms:
Kingdom
Domain
a. __________________-_____________________________________________
b. __________________-_____________________________________________
c. __________________-_____________________________________________
d. __________________-_____________________________________________
e. __________________-_____________________________________________
f. __________________-_____________________________________________
23.
cell structure:
Animal
Plant
euk/
cell wall
Fungi
Protist
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
some autotroph
some heterotroph
asexual
(binary fission)
get energy
reproduction
multi except
uni or multicells:
24.
Cell size
Organelles
Chromosomes
______
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
25. The acronym we use for the taxons are :____________________________________________.
26. The letters stand for ____________, which are divided into ____________, divided into
______________divided into ____________, divided into _____________ divided into
_____________ divided into______________.
27. Binomial _________________is used to assign scientific names and are made up of the
____________ and ________, which are in Latin and are _______________
28. Closely related species will have a more recent common ancestor than others. This is reflected in
sharing the same_________. They will have fewer differences between their _______ acid
sequences in their ________________. This is ___________________evidence for evolutionary
relationships.
29. The three domains are _______________which include animals, protists and ___________,
Eubacteria which includes _______________, and ___________________, made up of
methanogens, halophiles and thermophiles. Bacteria are now broken up into two domains and
kingdoms because of differences in ___________________________________________.