Download final review answers

CHS Honors Bio Final Exam Review Packet 2014
DIRECTIONS:
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Use the following list of questions as a PROCESS of preparing for the final exam.
Answer the questions/definitions with the most complete answer to ensure that you are including all important
information regarding the material.
Place your answers onto a separate piece of paper (or type your answer below the question) so that you have
enough room for a complete answer as well as room to add anything from class review.
ECOLOGY CONTENT:
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Define and give examples of the following: species, population, community, ecosystem
Species (organism)  population (all memebers of a species living in an area at a given time  community
(all the different populations in an area  ecosystem (living and non-living components)
Who are the producers in an aquatic food chain? A terrestrial food chain?
A= algae, phytoplankton, T= plants
What is another term for producers?
Autotrophs
What is the difference between a biotic factor and an abiotic factor? Give examples of each.
B= living – dog, abiotic= nonliving – rain, water, temp, pH
Someone who is a primary consumer is also known as an?
Herbivore (consumers are the same as heterotrophs)
Define omnivore (plant and animals – human) carnivore (animals – cat) and herbivore (plants – cow). Give
examples of each.
Define and distinguish a food chain from a food web
A food web is a picture of many, interconnected food chains or feeding relationships
Identify the processes in which carbon is cycled through ecosystems
Carbon cycle - Photosynthesis, respiration, burning of fossil fuels, decomposition of organic matter,
geological activities
What is nitrogen fixation? Who performs this reaction and why is it so beneficial?
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a form that is useable by plants and animals
Nitrogen fixing bacteria (found on the nodules of some plants) without them we would not get enough N
and N is a component of proteins and nucleic acids
Define climate.
Weather = day-to-day conditions; Climate = average conditions over long periods
What is an organism’s niche? Give an example.
Role of an organism in a population, the range of physical and biological condition in which an organism
lives; plants produce oxygen
How can two different species that occupy the same habitat avoid competing for resources?
Resource portioning –occupy different niches
Define symbiosis and name the three different types of symbiotic relationships. Give an example of each.
Symbiosis – relationship in which two species live close together
Mutualism – both organisms benefit (+/+); commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is neither
harmed nor helped (+/0); parasitism – one organism benefits, the other is harmed (+/-)
Compare and contrast primary succession and secondary succession.
Primary – succession in an area that has never before been colonized (lava flow); Secondary – succession
in an area that had been disturbed and is colonizing again – begins with SOIL (post-forest fire or
mudslide)
Using birth rates and death rates, describe the conditions that would cause a population increase and
conditions that would cause a population decrease.
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Increase – immigration, increasing birth rate/decreasing death rate; Decrease – emigration, increase
death rate/decreased birth rate
What is the difference between immigration and emigration? Which will cause a population to increase?
Which would cause a population to decrease?
Immigration – coming INTO a population; if exceeds emigration = increase or DR exceeds DR
Emigration – leaving a population; if exceeds immigration cause a population to decrease or DR exceeds
BR
Draw an exponential growth curve. Why are these typically not seen in nature?
Exponential (J-shaped) typically not seen in nature because of limiting factors
Draw a logistic growth curve and describe what is happening during each stage.
Logistical (S-shaped) – population grows, slows and eventually reaches carrying capacity – most pop.
On a logistic growth curve, the final “leveling off” of the population numbers is referred to as the carrying
capacity?
What factors contribute to the population numbers leveling off?
Limiting factors (control the growth or size of a population)
Describe the relationship between a predator population and it’s prey population when:
a) the predator population is elevated prey is reduced
b) the predator population is reduced prey is elevated
c) the prey population is elevated predator is reduced
cyclic relationship
d) the prey population is reduced predator is elevated
Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors on a population. Give
examples of each
DD – population growth regulations that depend on the size of the population (competition, predation)
DI – population growth regulations that do not depend on size (weather, natural disaster - volcano)
As a country becomes more industrialized, what is a negative outcome?
More pollution (such as burning fossil fuels), human population growing exponentially bc most countries
have not yet completed demographic transition
Compare and contrast renewable and non-renewable resources. Give examples of both.
Renewable – nature is able to replenish the resources as quickly as we use them (solar, wind, soil, fresh
air) Nonrenewable – nature is NOT able to replenish the resource as quickly as we use them (fossil fuels)
What is biodiversity and what are some threats to biodiversity?
The total amount of different species in an area
Habitat fragmentation, pollution, invasive species, climate change, biological magnification of harmful
compounds
Describe the process of global warming and why it is occurring.
An increase in the amount of greenhouse gases has led to an overall increase in the average surface
temperature of the planet (the gases hold heat in and only allow it to escape back to space very slowly)
What is an “ecological footprint” and what does it tell you?
A measure of human demand/impact on an ecosystem; how many resources are needed to provide you with
the things you need AND the space for your waste
GENETICS CONTENT:
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Define heterozygous and homozygous. Give a genotype example of each.
If an organism has two different alleles for a trait it is said to be: Heterozygous Tt
If an organism has two of the same alleles for a trait it is said to be: Homozygous TT or tt
2. What is the phenotypic chance result of a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
3. If one parent is genotype: RrYY, what are the possible combinations for these two alleles that can be made?
(RY,rY)
What if the parental genotype is: RrYy?
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(RY, Ry, rY, ry)
RRYY?
(RY)
Rryy?
(Ry,ry)
Mendel’s law describing the idea that no gene will influence the inheritance of another is known as his Law of
___?
Law of independent assortment- genes for different traits separate without influencing each others
inheritance
Distinguish between co-dominance and incomplete dominance. Give an example of each.
Co= both equally expressed (coat color in cattle – roan, human type AB blood)
Incomplete dom = blending of traits (red flower and white flower = pink flower)
Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans. Define “polygenic” trait.
Human eye color, hair color, things that tend to have a bell curve distribution, POLYGENIC = many genes
influence the trait (many possible genotypes therefore many possible phenotypes, where a single gene
trait that shows simple dominance-recessive pattern results in two phenotypes)
Define and distinguish between haploid and diploid. Give cell type examples for each.
Diploid – cells which have two copies of every chromosome; ex: lung, liver, heart, brain cells (2n)
Haploid – cells which have only one copy (one allele) of each chromosome; ex: gametes (n)
What is a gamete? Give an example of a gamete.
Gamete = sex cell egg or sperm
What are linked genes?
Genes located on the same chromosome
Identify the gene positions on a chromosome with regards to whether or not the 2 genes would be inherited
together.
Separated by crossing over (swapping with homologous chromosome) – the further apart the MORE likely
they are to be separated therefore they are less likely to be inherited together
What is a karyotype? How many chromosomes in a human body cell?
Picture of a person’s chromosomes taken during metaphase of mitosis; 46
What are the sex chromosomes for a human female? human male?
Female = XX male = XY
How many phenotypes are possible for human blood type?
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How many genotypes are possible?
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Using the “I” and “i” symbols, write all the possible genotypes for human blood type.
Blood Type/Phenotype
Genotype
Genotype using I and i
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AA
IAIA
AO
IA i
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BB
IBIB
BO
IBi
AB
AB
IAIB
O
OO
ii
14. For every human birth, what is the possibility of a boy being born? a girl?
50% or 1/2
15. What does is mean when a trait is said to be “sex-linked”? Give an example of a sex-linked trait. In what
gender do we see a greater percentage of sex-linked traits?
Traits controlled by genes found on the X chromosome; colorblindness and hemophilia; males more prone
to inherit these diseases because they only have 1 X
16. Define non-disjunction and explain how it can happen.
Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis (anaphase I or anaphaseII) ; Down syndrome,
trisomy 13
17. What is a pedigree and what does it show you? What symbols would you find and what do they mean?
A pedigree is a family genetic tree, shows how disorders are inherited within a family; circle = female,
square = male
DNA TECHNOLOGY CONTENT:
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What is a restriction enzyme and how does it work? What is the benefit of the “sticky ends” left by some
restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are important because they allow foreign DNA to be inserted into an
organisms genome provided that the host genome was cut using the same endonuclease. Sticky ends are
single stranded end of DNA segments that have been cut using restriction enzymes, if another piece of
DNA is cut with the same restriction enzyme, the “sticky ends” are complementary and may anneal
together creating rDNA
If you were to load 3 chunks of difference sized DNA into a gel, (a large, medium and small piece), describe
their final position in the gel when the electrophoresis is complete.
The sizes of the fragments determine how far they move. Larger fragments move less far than the
smaller fragments
What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
The goal of the Human Genome Project was to sequence the human genome in hope to identify all of the
genes within the human genome – sequence the DNA of every human gene
Distinguish between: inbreeding, hybridization, and genetic engineering.
Inbreeding - occurs when two closely related individuals are bred in order to increase the likelihood of a
desired trait showing up in the offspring.
Hybridization - when parents are selected for different traits and are bred to produce offspring that
have characteristics of both of the parents ex. breed buffalo and cattle
Genetic engineering - the manipulation of an organism’s genome by DNA technology – making changes in
the DNA code
What is a plasmid and how are they used in genetic engineering?
Plasmids are circular segments of bacterial DNA that are distinct from bacterial chromosomes. They are
useful because we can insert genes we want expressed into plasmids, which are then taken in by the
bacteria. An example of this is bacteria who can produce insulin.
A plasmid containing foreign DNA is now referred to as “recombinant” DNA
Name a human protein that is made through genetic engineering technology.
insulin
In genetic engineering, what is meant by the word “transformation”?
Bacteria are able to incorporate foreign DNA into their own genomes. This was shown in the
experiments with mice and pneumonia causing bacteria conducted by Griffith. A cell takes in DNA from
outside the cell
What is a transgenic organism and give an example. How is this accomplished?
Transgenic bacteria are bacteria which contain genes from other organisms, made by genetic engineering.
Advantages to using them are that they are easy to grow in the lab, are quick to reproduce, and are
efficient at producing gene products (can be other animals or plants)
What is the benefit of producing human proteins through genetic engineering?
Mass production
What is a DNA fingerprint, how is it made and name some uses for them.
A DNA fingerprint is the pattern of bands that result from the separation of restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs) on a gel. Everyone’s patterns of bands (except identical twins) are unique and can
be used to determine the doers of crime or paternity.
Before making a recombinant plasmid, what must be done to BOTH the plasmid DNA and the foreign DNA?
Must be cut with the SAME restriction enzymes
EVOLUTION CONTENT:
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What did Lamarck say that was incorrect in his explanation of evolution?
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics/Use and Disuse – actions of organisms could determine trait
Why was the work of Hutton and Lyell important to Darwin’s theory?
That the earth is old- old enough for evolution to occur -and there is limited food and space for a
population therefore there will be competition and organisms will struggle for existence
What was Malthus’ contribution to Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Suggested that the Earth could not support the growing human population; population would be regulated
by war, famine, disease
Distinguish natural selection from artificial selection. Give an example of each.
Natural Selection – individuals with the best traits/adaptations for their environment are the ones that
will, reproduce and pass on their traits (Darwin’s finches - beaks), Artificial Selection – selective
breeding, to promote the occurrence of desired traits (dog breeding)
According to Darwin, why are some organisms “better fit” to survive than others?
Some traits make give organisms a better chance to survive in their environment
What was Darwin’s definition of “fitness”?
how well one can survive and reproduce in a given environment
Define and distinguish the following: analogous structures, homologous structures, vestigial structures. Give an
example of each.
Analogous – same function, different structure (wing of bird wing of insect) does not show evidence of a
common ancestor
Homologous – same structure not always same function (arm of human, flipper of whale) shows evidence
of a common ancestor
Vestigial - structures that has lost much of or all of their function (appendix, tailbone) Inherited from
ancestors therefore show an evolutionary relationship
The fact that nearly ALL organisms on the planet use the same genetic code to translate genetic messages into
proteins is (anatomical or molecular) evidence of evolution from a common ancestor?
YES
Define gene pool.
The genes carried by all members of a particular population is the population’s gene pool, genetic
equilibrium is a situation in which allele frequencies in a population remain constant
What is natural selection?
Organisms with the best variations to survive will reproduce and pass of their genes – works directly on
PHENOTYPES
Explain the reason why those who reproduce sexually create offspring which are all genetically unique.
gene recombination (shuffling of genes during meiosis)
In pea plants, tall stems are dominant to short stems. If a seed received a tall and a short gene from its
parents, what phenotype would that seed show for stem height? TALL
Define phenotype and genotype.
Phenotype – physical appearance
Genotype – actual combination of genes
Draw a graph showing each of the following: stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, and directional selection.
Explain the meaning of each graph.
Stabilizing favors the intermediate phenotype, disruptive favors both extremes and disruptive favors one
extreme over another (see graphs)
15. What is genetic drift, in what type of population does it occur, and what are two mechanisms that would lead to
a genetic drift event?
Occurs when an allele become more or less common because of chance, tends to occur in populations that
are small. Founder effect – small group of individual colonizing a new area or bottle neck effect, small
group of individuals survive a natural disaster
16. Define and describe examples of: behavioral isolation, geographical isolation, and temporal isolation.
Speciation is the end result (new species), temporal is time, perhaps different fertile periods, geographic
is separation of populations by barriers (rivers, mountains, etc.) and behavioral is different courtship
behavior
17. What does “half-life” mean? Give an example.
Amount of time required for half a radioactive sample to deteriorate
Carbon-14 - ~5700 years
18. What is the (only) benefit of a mass extinction?
Provides opportunities for surviving species, such as making new habitats available (for a clade to survive
the rate of speciation must exceed or be equal to the rate of extinction)
19. Distinguish between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium – evolution occurs in small bursts of change followed by long periods of no change
Gradualism – species evolve slowly and continuously over time
20. Define and give examples of: convergent evolution, co-evolution, divergent evolution
Convergent Evolution – when non-related organisms develop similar structures based on similar pressures
(insect-eating species across the globe develop similar mouth structures)
Coevolution – complimentary adaptations of two organisms who have a mutalistic relationship (insects and
flowers) – two species evolve in response to changes in one another
Divergent Evolution – differing adaptations based on selective pressures from organisms who share a
common ancestor (finches on Galapagos Islands)  speciation
TAXONOMY CONTENT:
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What is “binomial nomenclature” and what is the purpose?
The two-part naming of species; to identify species with a name that is usable by all scientists across
the world (the common name varies from place to place and shows no consistency)
What taxonomic names are provided in a binomial name? Give an example.
Genus and species; Ex: Homo sapiens
List the taxonomic categories (from the most inclusive to the most exclusive).
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Subspecies *there is NO DOMAIN in
the Linnaeun system
Name a common feature among ALL Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals.
Eukaryotic (presence of a nucleus)
Do fungi have chloroplasts? Cellulose cell walls?
No; no, cell walls made of chitin
What are the 3 Domains of living things? What kingdoms are found in each?
Archae – Archaebacteria
Bacteria – Eubacteria
Eukarya – Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
What are the differences in living conditions between Bacteria and Archaea?
Bacteria – Eubacteria; cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archae – Extremophiles –“harsh environments”; cells walls LACK peptidoglycan
ORIGIN OF LIFE and LIVING THINGS CONTENT:
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Describe the Earth’s early atmospheric gases.
BOTTOM LINE – no oxygen (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen)
2. What does the endosymbiont theory state? What two pieces of evidence supports this theory?
The first eukaryotes arose from the symbiotic relationship between two prokaryotes (one prokaryote
ingested another prokaryote…instead of being digested, the organisms worked in harmony and the smaller
prokaryote developed into the energy-producing structures we know today like mitochondria and
chloroplasts)
Evidence:
Mito and chloroplasts have their own DNA – similar to prokaryotic DNA
Mito and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes – similar to prokaryotic ribosomes
Mito and chloroplasts reproduce independently by binary fission
3. What are the 2 mechanisms that allow for genetic uniqueness in sexual reproduction?
Gene recombination during sexual reproduction, random fertilization and independent assortment
4. What are the basic structures (outside and inside) of a bacterial cell?
5. Who are decomposers and what is their job? Why is their job so vital to ecosystems?
Bacteria and fungi; their job is to break down dead and/or decaying organisms and return the nutrients
back to the soil; it allows the materials to be recycled back into the environment
6. Besides the ecological benefits, name some other beneficial uses/jobs of bacteria.
Food production, genetic engineering, production of medication
7. How did A. Fleming know that something in the mold on the Petri dish was killing the bacteria present on the
dish?
There was a zone of no bacterial growth around the mold in the petri dish; the mold was inhibiting the
growth of the bacteria
Describe what is happening in each numbered step above. What is the name of this process?