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Transcript
Cell Unit Vocabulary The Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells and cell products are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cytoplasm All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus. Organelle A small part of the cell, usually enclosed by a membrane that performs a specialized function. Cell Membrane Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cells’ contents and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. Also called the plasma membrane. Function: Regulates Transport of Substances into /out of Cell Nucleus In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA, and thus controls the cell’s activities. Function: Controls Cell Activities Nucleoli Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis. Nuclear Envelope The double membrane boundary around the nucleus. It contains many pores to allow certain molecules to pass in and out. Chromosome A rod-like group of genes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Consists of tightly coiled DNA and proteins. Chromatin A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. During mitosis and meiosis, it forms rods called chromosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. Rough E.R. contain ribosomes and are a site of protein synthesis. Smooth E.R. have no ribosomes and are a site of lipid synthesis. Function: Transport System Ribosome The protein factory of the cell; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm. Composed of RNA and protein Function: Synthesis of Protein Mitochondria “The Powerhouse of the Cell” Organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cellular respiration. Function: Sites of Cellular Respiration Cristae The folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. ATP formation happens here. Lysosome A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Function: Intracellular Digestion Golgi Complex (or Apparatus) An organelle consisting of stacks of flattened sacs. It modifies and packages substances to be transported around and out of cells. Function: Packages and Secretes Proteins Vacuole Organelle, common in plants, that stores materials such as food, water, or waste products. Function: Storage Phagocytic Vesicle Organelle which forms when the plasma membrane folds in as the cell engulfs large particles from outside the cell during phagocytosis. Microtubules Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella, and provide cell shape. Centrioles Animal cell structures made of microtubules; they organize microtubule assembly of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis. Cytoskeleton A network of microtubules and other protein filaments that supports the cell structure and drives cell movement. Cilia Short hairlike appendages specialized for motion. They enable some protista to move. They also move material along a cell or tissue. Function: Movement Flagella A long whip-like projection that allows certain protozoans and sperm to move. Function: Movement Cell Wall The non-living structure that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, algae, fungi and some bacteria. It protects and supports the cell. Function: Protection and Support Chloroplast An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protista. It contains chlorophyll that absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy. Function: Site of Photosynthesis Pseudopodia “False feet” that are extensions of the cytoplasm; they are used by amoeba for locomotion and food-getting and by some white blood cells for engulfing foreign particles in phagocytosis. Prokaryotic Cell A cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; monerans are comprised of this kind of cell. Eukaryotic Cell A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles; all kingdoms except monera contain this type of cell. Diffusion The movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of the substance. Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane (as in a cell membrane). Selectively Permeable A property of biological membranes that allows some substances (but not others) to pass through. Active Transport The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient; requires an input of cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP. Endocytosis The uptake of materials by the cell. Examples: phagocytosis, pinocytosis Exocytosis The release of materials from the cell into the environment when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Dutch biologist given credit for inventing the first microscope (1600’s). Robert Hooke British scientist who used the microscope to look at cork and called the chambers “cells” (1600’s). Matthias Schleiden German botanist who stated that all plants are made of cells (1838). Credited with Schwann for the Cell Theory. Theodor Schwann Discovered that all animals are made of cells (1839). Credited with Scheiden for the Cell Theory. Rudolf Virchow A German physician who stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells (1855).