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Supplementary Data
Index
S1: Developed nations in this paper were identified as Annex 1 Parties to the UNFCCC
S2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for document selection
S3: Description of search criteria classifications
S4: Included and excluded articles
S5: Articles included in the analysis (n=39)
S6: Excluded articles categorized by reason for exclusion (n=1702 documents)
S7: Definition of variables and adaptation typologies
S8: Summary of adaption reports and activities in developed nations
PG. 1
PG. 1
PG. 2
PG. 4
PG. 5-6
PG.
S1: Developed nations in this paper were identified as Annex 1 Parties to the UNFCCC
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Denmark
Hungary
Czech
Republic
Iceland
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
European
Community
Japan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
New
Zealand
Sweden
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United
Kingdom
Russian
Federation
United
States of
America
Ireland
Estimated Total Population: 1,774,753,827
S2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for document selection
Inclusion
Exclusion
Phase 1: Keyword search
English
Non-English
1 January 2006-1 July 2009
Pre-2006 or after 1 July 2009
Indexed in the ISI Web of Knowledge
Not available via ISI Web of Knowledge
Reviews & Articles
Other (e.g. Editorials, Meetings, Abstracts)
Phase 2: Title & abstract review (full text review when required for categorization)
Human
Natural (e.g. plants, animals)
Adaptive response
Mitigation, Vulnerability only
Practical focus
Conceptual / Theoretical focus
Present
Prehistoric or future
Adaptation activities or actions
Predictive models & vulnerability assessments or
intentions to act
Developed nation (Annex 1)
Not a developed nation
EXCLUDED
INCLUDED
S3: Description of search criteria classifications (modified from Berrang-Ford et al 2011)
Human systems – adaptation
The title and / or abstract of the study explicitly indicates that previous or currently practiced
adaptive strategies to climate change are reported / mentioned / assessed / discussed in the
paper. The full text of the document includes substantive reporting or discussion of an
adaptation activity. The adaptive action must be set in place (excludes proposed strategies,
empirical testing, predictive modeling etc.). Initiatives that strengthened knowledge base,
information sharing, improving data gathering, surveillance / forecasting systems and
increased vulnerability / adaptive capacity / resilience to climate change were included.
Articles dedicated to improving existing predictive models were not included.
Climate change and adaptation were defined according to IPCC AR4. Climate change refers to
any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human
activity. Adaptations include adjustments in human systems in response to actual or expected
climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
Human systems excluded
Impact / Risk / Uncertainty Assessments
Studies with a main focus on potential impacts (and residual impacts incorporating conceptual
adaptations) and /or risks and /or uncertainty with respect to climate change in the past, present
or future. Examples included empirical studies, reviews, theoretical discussions, climate
change impacts on Natural Systems affecting forestry production / agriculture / farmed aquatic
and terrestrial plants and animals and conceptual adaptations (not currently set in place)
embedded in future climate change scenarios / predictive computer models. Articles that
incorporated adaptation into impact assessment models (i.e. estimating residual impacts of
climate change) were included in this category.
Mitigation
All articles that focused on mitigation strategies, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,
energy efficiency techniques, and any intervention, strategy or assessment related to increasing
carbon sinks and /or reducing carbon emissions.
Sustainable Development only
Articles documenting or assessing sustainable development programs, processes and ideas
without an explicit focus on adaptation to climate change.
Conceptual and Methodological Approaches
Articles reviewing, summarizing, predicting, discussing, and assessing adaptation to climate
change but providing no indication that adaptations were / are in practice. Articles in this
category stressed the message: ‘we need to adapt now’, assessed methods and challenges of
adaptation (including how to improve adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change) and
examined the success of adaptive strategies via empirical tests. Many of the included
documents are not mutually exclusive to other categories; documents that included potential
adaptive strategies but were not clearly or predominantly appropriate for other categories were
included in this category.
Vulnerability / Resilience / Adaptive Capacity Assessments
Articles assessing vulnerability of a particular group / System to climate change based on
environmental / social factors (e.g. geographical location, poverty level). Studies included
assessments of resilience and adaptive capacity but did not include actual programs or
processes set in place to improve resiliency or adaptive capacity.
Developing nation focus
Country not an annex 1 nation
Natural systems & other
Natural systems
Any study focusing on the affects of climate change on the biological (flora, fauna) and
physical (soil, land, water, climate) systems only. Based on the descriptions of Natural
Physical Systems and Natural Biological Systems in the IPCC AR4. Impacts, risks,
uncertainty, vulnerability and predictive modeling of Natural Systems are all included in this
category. Prehistoric climate change papers and empirical studies examining crops focusing
only on plant biology / ecology (i.e. without reference to yield / production) were included in
this category. Managed Natural Systems that provide ecosystem services were considered
Human Systems.
Other
Book reviews (critiques of books on adaptation to climate change). Also included in this
category were articles totally irrelevant to the topic. These included human adaptations in
prehistory (predating written history).
S4: Included and excluded articles (modified from Berrang-Ford et al., 2011)
S5. Articles included in the analysis (n=39)
Article
Id.
1
Year
Title
Journal
Chapin III, S.F.
2006
2
PenningRoswell, E.
2006
Proceedings of the
National
Academy of
Sciences of the
United States of
America
Global
Environmental
Change
3
Arkell, B.P. &
Darch, G.J.C.
2006
4
O’Brien, K et al.
2006
5
McKenzie
Hedger, M et al.
2006
6
Vedwan, N. et
al.
2007
7
Jones-Walters, L.
2007
8
Slaughter, R.A.
& Wiener, J.D.
2007
9
Wolfe, B.B. et
al.
2007
10
Ogden, A.E.
2007
Policy strategies to
address sustainability of
Alaskan boreal forests
in response to a
directionally changing
climate
Signals' from pre-crisis
discourse: Lessons from
UK flooding for global
environmental policy
change?
Impact of climate
change on London's
transport network
Questioning
complacency: Climate
change impacts,
vulnerability, and
adaptation in Norway
Bridging the gap:
Empowering decision
making for adaptation
through the UK climate
impacts programme
Institutional Evolution
in Lake Okeechobee
Management in Florida:
Characteristics, Impacts
and Limitations
Pan-European
ecological networks
Water adaptation and
property rights on the
Snake and Klamath
Rivers
From Isotopes to TK
interviews: Towards
interdiscinplinary
research in Fort
Resolution and the
Slave River Delta,
Northwest Territories
Forest management in a
changing climate:
Building the
Volume:
(Issue)
103: (45)
Pages
1663716643
16: (4)
323339
Proceedings of the
ICE - Municipal
Engineer
AMBIO: A
Journal of the
Human
Environment
159:
(ME4)
231237
35: (2)
50-56
Climate Policy
6: (2)
201215
Water Resources
Management
22: (6)
699718
Journal for Nature
Conservation
JAWRA Journal
of the American
Water Resources
Association
Arctic
15: (4)
262264
308321
60: (1)
75-87
Forestry
Chronicle
83: (6)
806839
43: (2)
11
Lorenzoni, I. et
al.
2007
12
Few, R. et al.
2007
13
Lynch, A.H. &
Brunner, R.D.
2007
14
Gagnon-Lebrun,
F. & Agrawala,
S.
2007
15
Kyselý, J. &
Kříž, B.
2008
16
Marchildon, G.P.
et al.
2008
17
Pahl-Wostl, C. et
al.
2008
18
Cœur, D. &
Lang, M.
2008
19
Ebi, K.L. &
Semenza, J.C.
2008
20
Tremblay, M. et
al.
2008
21
Hoekstra, A.Y.
& De Kok, J.-L.
2008
environmental
information base for the
southwest Yukon
Climate change, human
genetics and postnormality in the UK
Climate change and
coastal management
decisions: insights from
Christchurch Bay, UK
Context and climate
change: an integrated
assessment for Barrow
Alaska
Implementing
adaptation in developed
countries: an analysis of
progress and trends
Decreased impacts of
the 2003 heat waves on
mortality in the Czech
Republic: an improved
response?
Drought and
institutional adaptation
in the great plains of
Alberta and
Saskatchewan, 19141939
The importance of
social learning and
culture for sustainable
water management
Use of documentary
sources on past flood
events for flood risk
management and land
planning
Community-based
adaptation to the health
impacts of climate
change
Climate change in
Northern Quebec:
Adaptation strategies
from community-based
research
Adapting to climate
change: a comparison of
two strategies for dike
Futures
39: (1)
65-82
Coastal
Management
35: (2)
255270
Climatic Change
82: (1)
93-111
Climate Policy
7: (5)
392408
International
Journal of
Biometeorology
52: (8)
733745
Natural Hazards
45: (3)
391411
Ecological
Economics
64: (3)
484495
Comptes Rendus
Geosciences
9-10
644650
American Journal
of Preventative
Medicine
35: (5)
501507
Arctic
61: (5)
27-34
Natural Hazards
47: (2)
217228
22
Wallis, M.J. et
al.
2008
23
Botzen, W.J.W.
& van den
Bergh, J.C.J.M.
2008
24
Urwin, K. &
Jordan, A.
2008
25
VanKoningsveld,
M. et al.
2008
26
Gawith, M. et al.
2008
27
Norman, B.
2008
28
Sadowski, M.
2008
29
Blennow, K. &
Persson, J.
2009
30
Forbes, B.C. &
Stammler, F.
2009
31
Trainor, S.F. et
al.
2009
32
Dowsley, M.
2009
heightening
Climate change:
Charting a water course
in an uncertain future
Insurance against
climate change and
flooding in the
Netherlands: Present,
future, and comparison
with other countries
Does public policy
support or undermine
climate change
adaptation? Exploring
policy interplay across
different scales of
governance
Living with sea level
rise and climate change:
a case study of the
Netherlands
Application of the
UKCIP02 climate
change scenarios:
reflections and lessons
learnt
Principles for an
intergovernmental
agreement for coastal
planning and climate
change in Australia
An approach to
adaptation to climate
change in Poland
Climate Change:
Motivation for taking
measures to adapt
Arctic climate change
discourse: the
contrasting politics of
research agendas in the
West and Russia
Vulnerability and
adaptation to climaterelated fire impacts in
rural and urban interior
Alaska
Community clusters in
wildlife and
environmental
American Water
Works
Association
Journal
Risk Analysis
100: (6)
70-79
28: (2)
413426
Global
Environmental
Change
18: (1)
180191
Journal of Coastal
Research
24: (2)
367379
Global
Environmental
Change
19: (1)
113121
Habitat
International
33: (3)
293299
Climatic Change
90: (4)
443451
Global
Environmental
Change
Polar Research
19: (1)
100104
28: (1)
28-42
Polar Research
28: (1)
100118
Polar Research
28: (1)
43-59
33
Pearce, T.D. et
al.
2009
34
Hamin, E. &
Gurran, N.
2009
35
Saavedra, C. &
Budd, W.W.
2009
36
Cater, J.G. et al.
2009
37
Kiparsky, M.
2009
38
Orlove, B.
2009
39
Druckenmiller,
M. et al.
2009
management: using
TEK and community
involvement to improve
co-management in an
era of rapid
environmental change
Community
collaboration and
climate change research
in the Canadian Arctic
Urban form and climate
change: balancing
adaptation and
mitigation in the US
and Australia
Climate change and
environmental planning:
Working to build
community resilience
and adaptive capacity in
Washington State, USA
Sustainability appraisal
and flood risk
management
Sedimentationupwelling a model for
the science-policy
interface in the case of
climate change and
California water
Glacier retreat:
Reviewing the limits of
human adaptation to
climate change
Toward an integrated
coastal sea-ice
observatory: System
components and a case
study at Barrow Alaska
Polar Research
28: (1)
10-27
Habitat
International
33: (3)
238245
Habitat
International
33: (3)
246252
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Review
Water Policy
29: (1)
7-14
11: (1)
107124
Environment:
Science and
Policy for
Sustainable
Development
Cold Regions
Science and
Technology
51: (3)
22-34
56: (2-3)
61-72
S6: Excluded articles categorized by reason for exclusion (n=1702 documents) (modified from
Berrang-Ford et al 2011).
Developing nation (48)
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climate change and agriculture in marginal environments. Geography 2008,93:98-107.
2. Ayers J. International funding to support urban adaptation to climate change. Environment and
Urbanization 2009,21:225-240
3. Ayers JM, Huq S. The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Bangladesh.
Environmental Management 2009,43:753-764.
4. Barbier B, Yacouba H, Karambiri H, Zorome M, Some B. Human Vulnerability to Climate
Variability in the Sahel: Farmers' Adaptation Strategies in Northern Burkina Faso. Environmental
Management 2009,43:790-803.
5. Barnett J. THE EFFECT OF AID ON CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE:
INSIGHTS FROM NIUE. Political Science 2008,60:31-45.
6. Bassett TJ, Turner MD. Sudden shift or migratory drift? FulBe herd movements to the SudanoGuinean region of West Africa. Human Ecology 2007,35:33-49.
7. Ben Salem H, Smith T. Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments.
Small Ruminant Research 2008,77:174-194.
8. Botzen WJW, van den Bergh J. Insurance against climate change and flooding in the Netherlands:
Present, future, and comparison with other countries. Risk Analysis 2008,28:413-426.
9. Brouwer R, Akter S, Brander L, Haque E. Socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation to
environmental risk: A case study of climate change and flooding in Bangladesh. Risk Analysis
2007,27:313-326.
10. Carr ER. Between structure and agency: Livelihoods and adaptation in Ghana's Central Region.
Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:689-699
11. Cliggett L, Colson E, Hay R, Scudder T, Unruh J. Chronic uncertainty and momentary opportunity: A
half century of adaptation among Zambia's Gwembe Tonga. Human Ecology 2007,35:19-31.
12. Coeur D, Lang M. Use of documentary sources on past flood events for flood risk management and
land planning. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2008,340:644-650.
13. Conde C, Ferrer F, Orozco S. Climate change and climate variability impacts on rainfed agricultural
activities and possible adaptation measures. A Mexican case study. Atmosfera 2006,19:181-194.
14. Cooper PJM, Dimes J, Rao KPC, Shapiro B, Shiferaw B, Twomlow S. Coping better with current
climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in
adapting to future climate change? Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 2008,126:24-35.
15. Coulthard S. Adapting to environmental change in artisanal fisheries - Insights from a South Indian
Lagoon. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:479-489.
16. Eakin H, Tucker C, Castellanos E. Responding to the coffee crisis: a pilot study of farmers'
adaptations in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Geographical Journal 2006,172:156-171.
17. Eakin HC, Wehbe MB. Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework:
two cases from Latin America. Climatic Change 2009,93:355-377.
18. Eriksen S, Lind J. Adaptation as a Political Process: Adjusting to Drought and Conflict in Kenya's
Drylands. Environmental Management 2009,43:817-835.
19. Eriksen S, Silva JA. The vulnerability context of a savanna area in Mozambique: household drought
coping strategies and responses to economic change. Environmental Science & Policy 2009,12:33-52.
20. Eriksen SH, O'Brien K. Vulnerability, poverty and the need for sustainable adaptation measures.
Climate Policy 2007,7:337-352
21. Flam KH, Skjaerseth JB. Does adequate financing exist for adaptation in developing countries?
Climate Policy 2009,9:109-114
22. Hardoy J, Pandiella G. Urban poverty and vulnerability to climate change in Latin America.
Environment and Urbanization 2009,21:203-224.
23. Hay J, Mimura N. Supporting climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessments in the AsiaPacific region: an example of sustainability science. Sustainability Science 2006,1:23-35.
24. Kelkar U, James CR, Kumar R. The Indian insurance industry and climate change: exposure,
opportunities and strategies ahead. Climate Policy 2006,6:658-671.
25. Kemp-Benedict E, Agyemang-Bonsu WK. The Akropong approach to multi-sector project planning.
Futures 2008,40:834-840.
26. Khan MAA. Climate politics at a crossroad: views on building a consensus. Climate Policy
2007,7:162-165.
27. Kistin EJ, Ashton PJ. Adapting to change in transboundary rivers: An analysis of treaty flexibility on
the Orange-Senqu River basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development 2008,24:385400
28. Lagos P. Peru's approach to climate change in the Andean mountain region: Achieving
multidisciplinary regional cooperation for integrated assessment of climate change. Mountain
Research and Development 2007,27:28-31.
29. Laukkonen J, Blanco PK, Lenhart J, Keiner M, Cavric B, Kinuthia-Njenga C. Combining climate
change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level. Habitat International 2009,33:287-292.
30. Lemos MC, Tompkins EL. Creating Less Disastrous Disasters. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development
Studies 2008,39:60-+.
31. Madelene OA, Chen DL. Land-use change: Impacts of climate variations and policies among smallscale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China. Land Use Policy 2006,23:361-371.
32. Mbow C, Mertz O, Diouf A, Rasmussen K, Reenberg A. The history of environmental change and
adaptation in eastern Saloum-Senegal-Driving forces and perceptions. Global and Planetary Change
2008,64:210-221.
33. Mertz O, Mbow C, Reenberg A, Diouf A. Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural
Adaptation Strategies in Rural Sahel. Environmental Management 2009,43:804-816.
34. Meze-Hausken E. On the (im-)possibilities of defining human climate thresholds. Climatic Change
2008,89:299-324.
35. Mukheibir P. Qualitative assessment of municipal water resource management strategies under
climate impacts: The case of the Northern Cape, South Africa. Water Sa 2007,33:575-581.
36. Mukheibir P, Ziervogel G. Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for climate change: the
city of Cape Town. Environment and Urbanization 2007,19:143-158.
37. O'Farrell PJ, Anderson PML, Milton SJ, Dean WRJ. Human response and adaptation to drought in
the arid zone: lessons from southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 2009,105:34-39.
38. Osbahr H, Twyman C, Adger WN, Thomas DSG. Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change
disturbance: Scale dimensions of practice in Mozambique. Geoforum 2008,39:1951-1964.
39. Paavola J. Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania.
Environmental Science & Policy 2008,11:642-654.
40. Paavola J, Adger WN. Fair adaptation to climate change. Ecological Economics 2006,56:594-609.
41. Pandey DN. Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India. Current Science 2007,92:455-463.
42. Patt AG, Schroter D. Perceptions of climate risk in Mozambique: Implications for the success of
adaptation strategies. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:458467.
43. Postigo JC, Young KR, Crews KA. Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high
Peruvian Andes. Human Ecology 2008,36:535-551.
44. Prabhakar S, Shaw R. Climate change adaptation implications for drought risk mitigation: a
perspective for India. Climatic Change 2008,88:113-130.
45. Reid P, Vogel C. Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa - Glimpses from
KwaZulu-Natal. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2006,16:195-206.
46. Roberts D. Thinking globally, acting locally - institutionalizing climate change at the local
government level in Durban, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization 2008,20:521-537.
47. Roy M. Planning for sustainable urbanisation in fast growing cities: Mitigation and adaptation issues
addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Habitat International 2009,33:276-286.
48. Suarez P, Ching F, Ziervogel G, Lemaire I, Turnquest D, de Suarez JM, Wisner B. Video-Mediated
Approaches for Community-Level Climate Adaptation. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies
2008,39:96-+.
Impacts/ Risk/ Uncertainty Assessments (310)
1.
Adejuwon JO. Food crop production in Nigeria. II. Potential effects of climate change. Climate
Research 2006,32:229-245.
2.
Aerts J, Botzen W, van der Veen A, Krywkow J, Werners S. Dealing with Uncertainty in Flood
Management Through Diversification. Ecology and Society 2008,13.
3.
Aggarwal PK. Global climate change and Indian agriculture: impacts, adaptation and mitigation.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2008,78:911-919.
4.
Alberini A, Chiabai A. Urban environmental health and sensitive populations: How much are the
Italians willing to pay to reduce their risks? Regional Science and Urban Economics 2007,37:239-258.
5.
Aldenderfer M. Modelling plateau peoples: the early human use of the world's high plateaux.
World Archaeology 2006,38:357-370.
6.
Araujo MB, Luoto M. The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions
under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2007,16:743-753.
7.
Arnell NW, Delaney EK. Adapting to climate change: Public water supply in England and Wales.
Climatic Change 2006,78:227-255.
8.
Awuor CB, Orindi VA, Adwera AO. Climate change and coastal cities: the case of Mombasa,
Kenya. Environment and Urbanization 2008,20:231-242.
9.
Bachelet D, Lenihan J, Drapek R, Neilson R. VEMAP vs VINCERA: A DGVM sensitivity to
differences in climate scenarios. Global and Planetary Change 2008,64:38-48.
10.
Baker BB, Moseley RK. Advancing treeline and retreating glaciers: Implications for conservation
in Yunnan, PR china. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 2007,39:200-209.
11.
Balasubramanian V, Sie M, Hijmans RJ, Otsuka K. Increasing rice production in Sub-Saharan
Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Advances in Agronomy, Vol 94 2007,94:55-133.
12.
Barber DG, Lukovich JV, Keogak J, Baryluk S, Fortier L, Henry GHR. The Changing Climate of
the Arctic. Arctic 2008,61:7-26.
13.
Barthel R, Janisch S, Schwarz N, Trifkovic A, Nickel D, Schulz C, Mauser W. An integrated
modelling framework for simulating regional-scale actor responses to global change in the water domain.
Environmental Modelling & Software 2008,23:1095-1121.
14.
Bartlett S. Climate change and urban children: impacts and implications for adaptation in lowand middle-income countries. Environment and Urbanization 2008,20:501-519.
15.
Battles JJ, Robards T, Das A, Waring K, Gilless JK, Biging G, Schurr F. Climate change impacts
on forest growth and tree mortality: a data-driven modeling study in the mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra
Nevada, California. Climatic Change 2008,87:S193-S213.
16.
Benestad RE, Haugen JE. On complex extremes: flood hazards and combined high spring-time
precipitation and temperature in Norway. Climatic Change 2007,85:381-406.
17.
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impacts. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:666-678.
18.
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19.
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21.
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forests: A review. Aquatic Botany 2008,89:260-274.
22.
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local scale. Geospatial Health 2008,2:137-150.
23.
Bernier E, Gosselin P, Badard T, Bedard Y. Easier surveillance of climate-related health
vulnerabilities through a Web-based spatial OLAP application. International Journal of Health
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24.
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Humboldt Current system: Scenarios of spatial reorganizations from physics to fishers. Progress in
Oceanography 2008,79:278-289.
25.
Betts RA, Malhi Y, Roberts JT. The future of the Amazon: new perspectives from climate,
ecosystem and social sciences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences
2008,363:1729-1735.
26.
Bhattacharya S, Sharma C, Dhiman RC, Mitra AP. Climate change and malaria in India. Current
Science 2006,90:369-375.
27.
Bi P, Parton KA. Effect of climate change on Australian rural and remote regions: What do we
know and what do we need to know? Australian Journal of Rural Health 2008,16:2-4.
28.
Billen N, Roder C, Gaiser T, Stahr K. Carbon sequestration in soils of SW-Germany as affected
by agricultural management-Calibration of the EPIC model for regional simulations. Ecological
Modelling 2009,220:71-80.
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S7. Definition of variables and adaptation typologies (modified from Berrang-Ford et al, 2011)
Variable
Year
First Author
Affiliation
Definition/ description
Year in which the article was published (2006-2009).
Information about the first author, for example, the organization / institution
that the first author was associated with when they produced the article. In
most cases the first author affiliation was clearly provided in the article, usually
below the abstract or at the end of the article. In cases when the association
was not provided, Google search engine was used to identify the primary
affiliation of the first author at the time of the publication.
Researcher
Individual (employee / faculty / graduate student / research assistant / associate
etc.) affiliated with an educational institution (University or College). Also
included were individuals working for a private and / or for profit institution /
company conducting research for the purposes of fulfilling company goals and
objectives.
Government
Individual working for or in association with a municipal, provincial, federal,
or international government body.
Non-governmental
organization
Individual working for or in association with a non-profit organization on the
work in question.
Civil society
Public servants such as health care professionals, legal practitioners, public
safety personnel or any other individual whose primary profession is to serve
the public, but who is not a government employee.
Included here are the most prominent or obvious climate change related and
non-climatic related stimuli motivating the adaptive response. In all cases,
climate change factors were at least in part driving the adaptation action.
Climate change stimuli included seasonal variability and long-term changes in
atmosphere and meteorological variables, naturally caused land erosion,
changes in snow and ice cover, glacier melt and changes in water body
characteristics (circulation, oceanic storm surges) associated with climate
change (refer to IPCC 2007, WG11 AR4, and section 1.1 for more specific
information on climatic stimuli).
Type of Stimulus
Climate change Precipitation
Includes rainfall variability, extreme rainfall events, droughts or floods, longterm changes in precipitation trends, glacier / snow / ice retreat due to dry
conditions or variations in air humidity and land erosion due to rainfall.
Socio-politicaleconomic or
sustainable
development
Includes actions taken to improve a socio-political or socio-economic issue or
to achieve some societal goal. Some examples include: societal or political
conflicts, responses to population growth, economic development, trade and
migration, institutional development, infrastructure, high property prices, social
inequality, inadequate access to basic needs, new or improved social or
governmental management or policy, government legislation or programs, and
government or social structure changes (e.g. decapitalization). Also included
are actions promoting sustainable development. Sustainable development is
defined as development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United
Nations 1987).
Climate change Temperature
Includes extreme temperature related events (extreme heat days), seasonal,
annual, inter-annual temperature variability, and long-term warming patterns.
Wildfires and glacier / snow / ice retreat due to global warming were included
here (Chapter 1, Section 1.1.2 in IPCC 2007, AR4 WG11).
Non-climate change
environmental
change
This category includes geological processes associated with plate tectonics and
other extremes not directly due to climate variables. Examples include
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions (e.g. Adams et al., 2003), non-climate
change related water disasters such as tsunamis, air or water pollution via
human release of chemicals, toxins, or byproducts of industry or human
activity (e.g. tropospheric ozone, toxic waste, oil spills, exhaust, pesticides
increased soot emissions), damage caused solely by invasive species (i.e. not in
association with climate change), human induced land-cover modification /
land-use change (e.g. desertification, conversion of forest to agriculture).
Resource availability
Actions taken to deal with insufficient resources that are needed to meet basic
human needs (food, shelter and water). Lack of resources was either a result of
climate change (e.g. altered plant and animal ranges and abundances IPCC
2007, WG 11 AR4 Section 1.1) or from limited access / unequal distribution of
resources among populations (e.g. as a result of high population densities
relative to food and / or water availability).
Climate change –
Extreme storm
events
Storms over land, coasts and water bodies that are a direct result of climatic
variables (e.g. temperature, wind, precipitation / humidity). Examples include
severe windstorms, thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes and cyclones. Also
included are floods, land damage / erosion, and / or infrastructure damage that
are a direct result of storm activity.
Climate change –
Sea level rise
Gradual increase of coastal sea waters or changes in coastal sea levels
associated with storms (e.g. Gornitz et al. 2002, IPCC Section 6, box 6.2),
inundation of low lying coastal floodplains and surrounding lowlands and
increased salinity of these areas due to sea level rise, coastal erosion due to sea
level rise (see IPCC Section 6.2.5 for more details), sea ice cover in arctic
regions and associated sea level rise, increased wave propagation, shoreline
retreat / cliff / coastal erosion due to sea level rise (see IPCC 2007, AR4
section 6.4.1.1).
Market conditions
Response to market pressure, opportunities and development, changes in
commodity prices and market economy (e.g. cost of importing / exporting
resources, inflation), changes in supply and demand of commodities,
international or national subsidies to promote cultivation or production of
specific goods, the negotiation and trade of goods among free market
community members, altered livelihood / agricultural production practices or
crop type and / or re-location for increased financial stability or more
economically feasible goods (e.g. switching from cash / subsistence crops to
more competitive products or government subsidized goods), increased
participation in the market as a result of increased access (e.g. new roads, new
development projects, irrigation furrows, improved breeds, construction of
slaughterhouses).
Climate change –
Other or general
Proximity of effect
Articles that stated “climate change” as the stimulus. Such articles could have
been referring to one or more specific climatic variables that were not explicit
or obvious in the text, figures or tables of the article.
Represents the connection between the climate change stimulus and the group /
system adapting. More specifically, it reveals how humans are affected, either
directly or indirectly, by climate change stimuli.
Biophysical effect
(indirect)
Effects that are not life threatening and do not significantly limit resources
needed to meet basic human needs (food and water). Such cases usually
included impacts that disrupted occupation. An example is an extreme event or
seasonal weather fluctuations in weather that impacts agricultural production
for cash or commercial crops but not to the extent that income for basic needs
and essential resources was significantly affected. In such articles, the
emphasis was placed more on the implications of an altered livelihood (e.g. use
of new crop varieties, or a shift in occupation) versus the subsistence
implications.
Human impact
(direct)
Instances when the stimulus affected abundance, availability, accessibility and
/ or quality of basic human needs; being food, water and shelter. An example
is an extreme event that impacts the quantity of subsistence crops, causes
damage to homes, and contaminates food and / or water for human
consumption. Also included are stimuli that lead to illness / morbidity or
mortality.
N/A
Importance of
climate change in
motivating
adaptation
Not stated or not appropriate
The influence of climate change in driving adaptive actions varied: in all cases,
climate change played a role, but had varying levels of importance in
stimulating adaptive responses. Some focused mainly on climate change
affects and specific responses to deal with them. Others were less clear on
which factors, being climate change or non-climate change related drivers,
were primarily responsible for motivating the adaptive action under
investigation. In most cases, it was fairly clear if climate change was the sole
or primary reason for adapting or whether the adaptation was a result of
climate change in addition to other secondary factors.
Sole reason for
adapting
Primary reason
combined with
secondary factors
When it was clear that only climate change stimuli were drivers of adaptation.
Equal or secondary
role combined with
other factors
Both climate change and non-climate related factors were influential in driving
the adaptive response; however, it was unclear which set of drivers took the
leading role in motivating a response. Climate change was either equally
important or of secondary importance to non-climate change related drivers in
driving the adaptive response.
Climate change adaptations could be a response to long-term change in mean
climate, inter-annual or decadal variability and / or short-term extreme events.
Climatic stimuli occurring at these three levels are interdependent; however
adapters considered impacts affecting human systems on one timescale or on
Timeframe of
climate change
effects
When climate change was indicated as the main driver of adaption in addition
to various social, economic, or political stimuli.
two or more timescales as the basis for adapting. When no temporal reference
was made and only “climate change” was mentioned with no clear climate
related impact / event, “long-term change in mean” was selected. For
examples, such papers discussed climate change as a general and inevitable
long-term phenomenon requiring preparatory and immediate attention and
action. Variability and extremes could be nested concerns; however, were not
explicit or prioritized motivations for a response.
Long-term change in
mean
Responses to changes in a mean climate variable (e.g. temperature,
precipitation) either observed or predicted over decades and / or one within a
few centuries on a global or broad regional scale. The mean conditions are the
central tendencies of a distribution of weather conditions which vary from year
to year and are apparent as trends over several years (e.g. for temperature, there
is an evident warming trend that has occurred within the past century).
Adaptive responses to predictions of long-term changes in mean conditions as
predicted by climate change forecasts are included here.
Inter-annual or
decadal variability
Variability over periods ranging from a few years to several decades. This
may include shifts or changes in the shape of frequency distributions of climate
variables and general seasonal weather variability (e.g. length of rainy season,
seasonal temperature or precipitation changes).
Isolated extreme
events
Isolated extreme event or severe / catastrophic weather condition such as a
storm, drought or flood and includes changes in the frequency of extreme
events. An extreme event is considered to have occurred abruptly with or
without warning and is an obvious and a weather event that is a significant
deviation from normal conditions. An extreme event disrupts human life
differently than longer term fluctuations in weather; disruptions are more
intense and do not last as long. Impacts on human life could be felt well after
the extreme event occurred.
Spatial scale of
adaptation
Individuals /
households
Adaptations were undertaken by one or more people but not enough persons to
constitute a community level adaptation. Instances included families, or a
subset of the community responding to stimuli in hopes of improving living
conditions for family or household members with little or no concern or
mention of other community members. Household is defined as individuals
living together as a unit under one roof or relatives that live in a common area.
Municipality /
community
Collective action taken as a community to deal with stimuli that affect the
community as a whole or the sum of its parts (two or more households). This
usually involved one or more groups or persons that respond in order to
improve conditions for the community as a whole. The adaptive action could
be undertaken by community members or government / non-governmental
bodies at the municipal or local level.
Sub-national
(Province/ State/
Region)
Typically these actions involved the participation of citizens, government or
non-government organizations at the provincial / state (not national / country
level) / regional levels acting to improve conditions at a regional scale that
encapsulated two or more municipalities within provincial boundaries or
involving many provinces. Adaptations could be undertaken by two or more
provinces within a nation; however, actions were not meant to influence all
citizens at the national or country scale.
National
Adaptive actions undertaken by government or non-government bodies at the
federal / national level acting on behalf of the entire nation in order to improve
/ maximize well being of all citizens or select vulnerable groups within a
nation.
Multinational (2 or
more nations)
Adaptive actions taken in partnership between two or more nations by
government or non-government organizations that will affect the well being of
all citizens or a subset of vulnerable groups within one or more of the
participating nations. Actions include adaptations organized by international
NGO’s, the United Nations or private companies. Also included are adaptive
actions undertaken or lead by one nation, but that affect citizens of two or more
nations.
Sectors involved in
adaptation
Agriculture, fishing,
and/or forestry
Activities directly related to the farming, fishing or forestry primarily in terms
of the raw material extraction, management processing, production and
marketing of farmed, fished or forested goods. Agricultural activities refer to
farming practices such as livestock husbandry, cultivation and production of
goods / products for commercial and / or subsistence purposes. Fishing
includes the capture and use of freshwater or salt water species (e.g. fishes,
crustaceans and usable / marketable aquatic plants) for subsistence / human
consumption, sale in local markets or large scale national or international
aquaculture / fisheries. Forestry includes activities related to the removal of
trees for use in industry (e.g. pulp and paper). For all three sectors, adaptations
include ecosystem management activities or sustainable development of goods
that fall under the respective categories.
Ocean & coastal
management
Activities related to the management of oceanic and coastal ecosystems that are
of value to humans and typically include those that are aesthetically pleasing
(e.g. beaches, coral reefs), provide pleasant natural environments and improve
well being / or that boost economy. The management, design and / or
maintenance of coastal infrastructure are also included here.
Ecosystem
management
Activities related to the management of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems
that are of value to humans. Typically, this included management of
ecosystems that are aesthetically pleasing, provides pleasant natural
environments and improve well being and / or that boost economy. Human
manipulation and sampling of ecosystems that are of little or no value to
humans, and are used for the study of biological, physical, chemical processes
for academic purposes are not included here.
Public health
Activities undertaken to minimize mortality and morbidity of humans. This
includes public health care activities and the manufacturing and distribution of
health care products, provision of health care services and access to health care
during emergencies, relief efforts to minimize disease and to reduce further
damage to health from natural disasters, health education and outreach and
programs for healthier living (e.g. decrease dependency on cars and encourage
physical activity). It also includes prevention measures that reduce health risks
or mitigate human health impacts. Examples of health vulnerabilities related to
climate change include: infectious diseases, illness due to heat exposure (e.g.
associated with urban heat islands), food and water borne diseases, direct
health effects from extreme events and mental health effects from altered
livelihoods or cultural practices.
Disaster risk
management
Reserved for adaptations that explicitly mentioned “risk management” as the
sector of interest. Many risk management activities were also relevant to
additional sector(s). Many actions arguably could be considered risk
management; however, if not explicitly stated as such, were not included here.
Industry &
technology
Industry encompasses businesses or manufacturing enterprises. In general
industry encompasses manufacturing and processing of products and services
and research and technological development in the area of electronic networks
and communication. Industry for our purposes does not include natural
resource extraction in the agricultural, fishing, forestry health or energy
sectors.
Infrastructure &
transportation
Include all buildings and transportation infrastructure and the activities related
to the creation, modification or maintenance of them. Examples include
construction, maintenance and / or management of various types of
commercial, governmental or residential buildings, small roads & highways,
bridges, railways, canals, physical structures set up for water distribution
(pipes, sewers) in any kind of societal setting (e.g. rural or urban). Also
included are the research, engineering and planning associated with
infrastructural development. Not included are any activity related to the
construction, maintenance and / or management of coastal infrastructure (refer
to ocean and coastal management).
Energy
Policies, programs and management related to non renewable and renewable
energy sources and use, and sustainable and clean energy research and
technology. It includes electrical utilities and energy use in buildings (e.g.
lighting, heating and cooling), energy for transportation, and power usages in
various societal / industrial activities.
Tourism
Businesses / companies, or governmental bodies that provide indoor or outdoor
leisure activities for the purposes of boosting economy, promoting wildlife
conservation and / or providing new cultural experiences for non residents /
visitors.
Utilities & water
Actions associated with the management, extraction, treatment, storage,
distribution and general use of water in homes, buildings, industrial purposes.
Also included is the management and treatment of sewage and water use for
agricultural purposes.
Culture
Traditional activities separate from or unrelated to occupation.
Education
Sectors and institutions aimed at knowledge advancement and transfer. This
includes educational boards and schools (e.g. Universities, Colleges), technical
training and research institutions.
Secure Resources
and food security
Stakeholders
involved in
adaptation
NGO (Nongovernmental
Organizations)
Activities related to financial / income, occupational and resource security. It
includes formal financial institutions (e.g. banks, money lenders, and insurance
companies), small scale systems for securing assets and access to food or
natural resource security, securing human capital, skill, management and
connections in order to react when production fails or when regular income
sources are reduced.
Private organizations acting on behalf of the poor (e.g. to provide basic social
services or relieve suffering), or to promote community development and / or
environmental protection. Such organizations operate independently from but
may cooperate with governments as a means of achieving a common goal.
Includes actions by non-governmental groups at all scales (local, state, national
and international).
Government –
Municipal
Includes government representatives (administrators, municipal public service
personnel, officials and local level departmental employees appointed by
municipal councils) working / acting under the jurisdiction of cities / towns /
villages / municipalities and includes initiatives, programs, policies or
regulations imposed at the local level. Municipal bodies established as local
boards or commissions and that may or may not be commissioned by the
provincial government are also included here (examples include libraries,
utility commissions, transit authorities, policy commissions, parks boards and
conservation authorities).
Government – State/
Provincial/Regional
Activities undertaken by members of provincial government defined as a subnational government or sub-entity of a sovereign country. Provincial
government includes autonomous constituents of a federation or confederation
(e.g. the States of the USA and Australia or the Provinces / Territory of
Canada). It includes actions taken by government representatives
(administrators, national public service personnel, officials and national level
departmental employees) within the provincial / regional government
administration or departments operating at the provincial government level.
Generally it includes actions by provincial or regional representatives of
government jurisdiction between the national level and local / municipal level.
Government –
National
Actions taken by government representatives (administrators, national public
service personnel, officials and national level departmental employees) acting
on behalf of the citizens within the nation, for example the establishment of
national policies and new laws. The common government of a federation or
sovereign state is characterized by a union of partially self governing states or
regions united by a central (national or federal) government. Actions taken at
this level include those by both centralized (e.g. Canada) and decentralized
governments (USA, Australia). It includes all central government ministries
and department and agency personnel to which the federal ministers of
government are assigned (“state” is reserved for nations or countries, despite,
for example USA and Australia consisting of separate non-sovereign states).
The term federal government includes any parties or national level departments
carrying out roles and responsibilities in maintaining national security /
agendas and exercising international diplomacy.
Government –
International
Actions taken by representative on behalf of intergovernmental and
international government organizations. The category includes individuals
from one or more nations working together to achieve collective goals and
objectives generally to benefit one or more of the participating countries and /
or other countries in need of assistance. This category includes initiatives
organized by the United Nations (UN) and the functional organizations
affiliated with the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) such as the
World health Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund
and the World Trade Organization. Also included here is the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The European Union, the
African Union and the Union of South American Nations are other examples.
Research or
educational
institutions
The category includes all private sectors (all economic activity other than
government), for profit businesses or companies, research organizations or
institutions not specified to be associated with government, academics or
scientists, engineers working in private research companies or who conduct
work on environmental data and assessments. It included vague or undefined
(not clearly indicated in the text of the article) terms such as research
institution, private sector/company, scientific community, academic and
private development company. Finally, it included private sector participation
in the provision of natural resources (e.g. water services and transportation).
Research universities and colleges, typically associated with other
organizations in collaboration with government or non-government agencies
were included here.
Individuals, families,
or community
residents
Includes actions taken by one or more members of the public (not associated
with any particular company, organization or government affiliation) or
collective action undertaken by a family, community, village, city or town.
Civil societies
This category lacked a specific definition and was reserved for articles that
specifically mentioned “civil society” as being involved in the adaptation
process.
Focus on vulnerable
groups/ regions
Coastal systems
Socio-economically
disadvantaged
groups
Indigenous focus
Communities or human dwellings that exist directly or near the sea and that
experience oceanic weather related events as a result of its close proximity to
an ocean.
Individual(s) and group(s) that are impoverished or disadvantaged relative to
the societal average. The text must have included explicit mention that the
group has relatively less access to resources, basic needs. Such groups tended
to represent the poorest members of a society / community / group.
Individuals that are part of an indigenous group inhabiting a geographic region
with which they have the earliest known historical connection. Terms that
represented such groups included: indigenous peoples, aboriginal peoples,
native peoples and first peoples. It was assumed that when stated in the text,
such terms abided by the following general defining criteria of an indigenous
group: cultural groups existing before subsequent colonization or alongside
other cultural groups during the formation of a nation-state or independently or
largely isolated groups from the influence of the claimed governance by a
nation-state. Also assumed are groups who are self-identified as indigenous
and / or those recognized as such by other groups.
Arctic
The region surrounding the Earth’s North Pole. It included the most northerly
regions of Canada, United States (Alaska), Russia, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
and Finland and most of Greenland (Denmark). The Arctic region is defined
here as the land area north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33’N).
Women, elderly, and
children
Reserved for articles that specifically mention or describe women, elderly and /
or children as relatively more vulnerable to threats than other members of
society.
Describes the timing of the adaptation strategy which was defined according to
when the action occurred relative to the stimulus.
Type of adaptive
strategy
Proactive (i.e.
planned or
anticipatory)
Intent and purposeful action taken with future climate change impacts in-mind.
Planned adaptations could be undertaken by both public and private groups. In
general, examples of planned adaptations included implemented forecasting /
warnings, infrastructural codes / standards and incentives for preparing for
future impacts. In the private sector, examples of planned adaptations included
insurance purchasing and infrastructural design standards. Also included in
this category is the establishment of funding bodies and frameworks to provide
relief from future climate change impacts.
Reactive (i.e.
autonomous)
Passive or autonomous action taken in response to an impact that has already
occurred. Actions taken to cope with immediate impacts or to adjust to an
altered environment were considered reactive actions and typically without the
directed intervention of a public agency. Exceptions are efforts put forth by
public groups after a climate change impact has occurred (e.g. delivering food,
water or providing immediate funding to people in need). Examples of reactive
adaptations by individuals or communities included shifts in livelihood / daily
life in response to altered natural (e.g. agricultural) or human environment (e.g.
market conditions, institutions alterations).
The underlying goal of the adaptation was defined as the purpose explicitly set
or implied by the group(s) adapting and which guided the adaptive action. A
list of adaptation verbs applicable to all sectors included general adaptation
terms and specific adaptive outputs. The former included: to retreat /avoid,
protect, accommodate/cope, adjust, prepare / prevent and / or restore. An
example of inter-sector applicability of these terms is that different sectors can
all adapt to climate change by retreating, accommodating or protecting, but the
specific actions taken per sector can be quite different. In coastal management,
to retreat, protect and accommodate may involve relocating threatened
buildings, setting up protective infrastructure and implementing early warning
systems respectively. In agriculture management, to retreat, protect and
accommodate may involve migrating from dry infertile land to one more
profitable for crop cultivation, building more resilient housing for livestock and
changing crop varieties better suited to new climatic conditions, respectively.
The more specific adaptive actions included: building trust/social
networks/enhance communication, enhancing learning, improve monitoring,
improving forecasting, spreading risk, promoting awareness, capitalizing on
climate change benefits and securing income and resources.
Primary goal of
adaptation
Prepare / prevent /
reduce risk
Reserved for actions taken if the goal was specified explicitly but not yet
implemented. To prepare includes preliminary actions required to set up an
adaptation action such as devising management plans, scheming /
brainstorming / formalizing plans or policies in anticipation of a threat / impact
or any preparatory action to reduce future risk of climate change related
impacts.
Build trust /
networks /
partnerships
Actions included communication and networking among stakeholders for the
purposes of knowledge sharing. It includes partnerships and participatory
action among nations. In general, building trust refers to actions that involve
the communication, cooperation or participation of two or more distinct groups
/ stakeholders / communities / nations etc. to achieve a common goal that will
benefit both / all parties. Networks or partnerships include establishing open
lines of communication among different stakeholders such as conferences,
workshops, discussion boards, internet / phone based meetings and exchanges.
Partnerships also indicate formalized unions between two or more groups
working together to achieve a common goal or output.
Enhance learning /
research
Studies or research initiatives undertaken specifically to enhance knowledge on
possible and appropriate adaptation options. Empirical studies tended not to be
included unless they were specifically motivated to guide current or future
adaptation actions / improve existing adaptations.
Secure income or
resources
Actions taken to promote financial security and / or to protect assets / resources
against potential threats. Such actions include investing, saving money,
stocking resources etc. Assets and resources included shelter, food and water
and livelihood practices / options.
Accommodate / cope
Actions taken in response to a threat. Responses were characterized by
reactive actions not necessarily a change in pre-threat behavior but more so to
“deal” with a given threat. Responses tended to be short-term and occurred
after an event / episode. Actions included short-term responses to intermediate
decline in access to food.
Protect / conserve
Included shielding humans, human assets or resources from threats via physical
structures or barriers.
Improve monitoring
actions that improved knowledge and awareness of potential threats via use of
detection devices, surveillance equipment or researchers / personnel
established to survey and warn / alert of climate change & meteorological
conditions related to climate.
Actions taken to better predict future climate change and climate change
related events. Such actions typically involve the application of forecasting
equipment / technologies. Forecasting initiatives include the collection and use
of hydrological / weather / meteorological / climate data and in some cases
relevant risk / uncertainty / sensitivity data to forecast future climate change
and climate change related events for a particular region.
Increase public knowledge on the current and potential impacts of climate
change. Actions included media outreach, community involvement programs
and activities, educational initiatives, and the dissemination or research results
to the public.
Improve forecasting
Promote awareness
Adjust
Change of behavior and alteration of routine or activity after an experience
with a particular stimulus.
Spread risk
Actions included diversification of livelihood strategies, exploiting typically
two or more alternate and more lucrative business / livelihood endeavors in
addition to or in exchange of those undertaken before the stimulus.
Retreat / avoid
Actions include migrating / re-locating to avoid harm from a stimulus.
Also included in this category is the re-location of assets / resources from harm
or from potential detrimental / negative effects from a particular stimulus.
Restore to original
conditions
Actions taken after an impact has ensued on human or human capital /
resources and are meant to reinstate / re-establish conditions existing prior to
the effects of the stimulus.
Capitalize on climate
change benefits
Actions taken to exploit potential benefits of climate change effects. Examples
include taking advantage of increased water availability from floods and
partaking in activities suited to the change in weather conditions (e.g. enjoying
warmer temperatures in typically colder seasons of more northern climates).
For each adaptation, the mechanism through which the adaptive output / goal
was undertaken and the key institution or group through which the adaptation
occurred were identified. Adaptations took the form of financial support,
educational initiatives, new / adaptive management strategies, institutional,
regulatory / instituted guidelines / advisories on adaptive actions, structural
changes, and technological innovations. The institution of group through
which the adaptation occurred included government bodies, non-government
organizations/private groups and /or individuals / communities.
Adaptation
mechanism
Institutional/
guidelines
Institutional adaptations were changes or new management strategies, plans,
policies, regulations, guidelines, programs or operating frameworks used by
organizations, companies, government agencies or unspecified groups to guide
current or future adaptive actions. It included research programs aimed at
collecting information related to adaptation options, new institutions to assess
priorities and to establish criteria for proper adaptation measures, general
planning and design. Mainstreaming adaptation planning into existing
management programs or policies was also included in this category.
Government
Municipal, provincial, federal or international government representatives were
primarily responsible for carrying out the adaptive action or the adaptation was
accomplished / mediated / facilitated by one or more government bodies.
Financial support
Financial support included funding for adaptation purposes and any type of
monetary assistance allocated for adaptation purposes (e.g. funds for relief
efforts and to prepare for future impacts). Also included here are charities,
financial sponsorships, loans and subsidies for the purposes of adaptation (e.g.
government subsidies for farmers after episodes of intense drought to
encourage renewed self reliance in food production after loss of crops).
Technical
Technological adaptations included the establishment or use of forecasting /
monitoring devices, innovative irrigation, agricultural and infrastructural re-
design and risk management methods, and other innovative and technical
advancements associated with novel or adopted livelihood strategies.
Community
When the community has primary responsibility for carrying out the adaptive
action. The action was accomplished / mediated / facilitated by community as
a whole representing members of a collective society, one or more households,
or by particular individuals within a community.
Structural
Structural adaptations included the maintenance of existing or construction of
new buildings or infrastructure for water (e.g. pipelines), electricity, hydro or
communication and other urban or rural infrastructure such as new roads,
shelters, and built green spaces (e.g. structures in parks and green spaces in
urban centers).
Non-government
Non-governmental organizations or private businesses held primary
responsibility for carrying out the adaptive action. The action was
accomplished / mediated / facilitated by the non-governmental organization.
Education Initiatives
actions or institutions established to promote adaptive learning on climate
change and adaptation.
S8: Summary of adaption reports and activities in developed nations
Variable
When is adaptation being reported?
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009* (note: half of 2009 only)
2009 projected
Who or what system is adapting?
Spatial scale of adaptation
Municipality / community
Sub-national (Province/State/Region)
National
Individuals / households
Multinational (2 or more nations)
Importance of climate change in motivating adaptation
Sole reason for adapting
Primary reason combined with secondary factors
Equal or secondary role combined with other factors
Sectors involved in adaptation
Infrastructure & transportation
Utilities (Including electricity, water, and flood
management)
Ocean & coastal management
Ecosystem management
Agriculture, fishing, and/or forestry
Secure Resources and food security
Disaster risk management
Public health
Culture
Tourism
Industry & technology
Energy
Education
Stakeholders involved in adaptation
Government – National
Research or educational institutions
Government – Municipal
Individuals, families, or community residents
Government – State/ Provincial/Regional
Government – International (2 or more nations)
NGO (Non-governmental Organizations)
Civil societies
Region where adaptation is occurring
Europe
N. of articles (%)
39 (100)
5 (13)
9 (23)
14 (36)
11 (28)
22
Non-cumulative*
26 (67)
15 (38)
12 (31)
3 (8)
1 (3)
39 (100)
10 (26)
16 (41)
13 (33)
Non-cumulative*
24 (62)
24 (62)
17 (44)
16 (41)
13 (33)
10 (26)
10 (26)
8 (21)
6 (15)
5 (13)
4 (10)
4 (10)
1 (3)
Non-cumulative*
35 (90)
31 (79)
28 (72)
24 (62)
24 (62)
8 (21)
8 (21)
3 (8)
Non-cumulative*
22 (56)
Eastern Europe 5 (7)
Northern Europe 12 (14)
Southern Europe 4 (6)
Western Europe 8 (10)
North America
Asia
Oceania (NZ & Australia only)
20 (51)
0 (0)
3 (8)
Non-cumulative*
Focus on vulnerable groups/ regions
Coastal systems & low-lying areas
22 (56)
Indigenous focus
12 (31)
Arctic
11 (28)
Socio-economically disadvantaged groups
1 (3)
Women, elderly, and children
0 (0)
What are the adaptation activities & outcomes?
Non-cumulative*
Type of adaptive strategy
Proactive (i.e. planned or anticipatory)
36 (92)
Reactive (i.e. autonomous)
12 (31)
Non-cumulative*
Primary goal of adaptation
Prepare / prevent / reduce risk
33 (85)
Enhance learning / research
25 (64)
Build trust / networks / partnerships
24 (62)
Improve monitoring
19 (49)
Promote awareness
17 (44)
Improve forecasting
16 (41)
Protect / conserve
15 (38)
Secure income or resources
10 (26)
Accommodate / cope
10 (26)
Adjust
5 (13)
Retreat / avoid
4 (10)
Restore to original conditions
4 (10)
Spread risk
3 (8)
Capitalize on climate change benefits
1 (3)
Non-cumulative*
Adaptation mechanism
Institutional / guidelines
35 (90)
Government
34 (87)
Financial support
19 (49)
Non-government
17 (44)
Structural
15 (38)
Technical
12 (31)
Education Initiatives
12 (31)
Community
11 (28)
* Category totals are non-cumulative since any given article may be classified into multiple non-exclusive
categories.