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Supplementary Data Index S1: Developed nations in this paper were identified as Annex 1 Parties to the UNFCCC S2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for document selection S3: Description of search criteria classifications S4: Included and excluded articles S5: Articles included in the analysis (n=39) S6: Excluded articles categorized by reason for exclusion (n=1702 documents) S7: Definition of variables and adaptation typologies S8: Summary of adaption reports and activities in developed nations PG. 1 PG. 1 PG. 2 PG. 4 PG. 5-6 PG. S1: Developed nations in this paper were identified as Annex 1 Parties to the UNFCCC Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Denmark Hungary Czech Republic Iceland Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Italy European Community Japan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Slovakia Slovenia Spain New Zealand Sweden Norway Poland Portugal Romania Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Russian Federation United States of America Ireland Estimated Total Population: 1,774,753,827 S2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for document selection Inclusion Exclusion Phase 1: Keyword search English Non-English 1 January 2006-1 July 2009 Pre-2006 or after 1 July 2009 Indexed in the ISI Web of Knowledge Not available via ISI Web of Knowledge Reviews & Articles Other (e.g. Editorials, Meetings, Abstracts) Phase 2: Title & abstract review (full text review when required for categorization) Human Natural (e.g. plants, animals) Adaptive response Mitigation, Vulnerability only Practical focus Conceptual / Theoretical focus Present Prehistoric or future Adaptation activities or actions Predictive models & vulnerability assessments or intentions to act Developed nation (Annex 1) Not a developed nation EXCLUDED INCLUDED S3: Description of search criteria classifications (modified from Berrang-Ford et al 2011) Human systems – adaptation The title and / or abstract of the study explicitly indicates that previous or currently practiced adaptive strategies to climate change are reported / mentioned / assessed / discussed in the paper. The full text of the document includes substantive reporting or discussion of an adaptation activity. The adaptive action must be set in place (excludes proposed strategies, empirical testing, predictive modeling etc.). Initiatives that strengthened knowledge base, information sharing, improving data gathering, surveillance / forecasting systems and increased vulnerability / adaptive capacity / resilience to climate change were included. Articles dedicated to improving existing predictive models were not included. Climate change and adaptation were defined according to IPCC AR4. Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Adaptations include adjustments in human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Human systems excluded Impact / Risk / Uncertainty Assessments Studies with a main focus on potential impacts (and residual impacts incorporating conceptual adaptations) and /or risks and /or uncertainty with respect to climate change in the past, present or future. Examples included empirical studies, reviews, theoretical discussions, climate change impacts on Natural Systems affecting forestry production / agriculture / farmed aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals and conceptual adaptations (not currently set in place) embedded in future climate change scenarios / predictive computer models. Articles that incorporated adaptation into impact assessment models (i.e. estimating residual impacts of climate change) were included in this category. Mitigation All articles that focused on mitigation strategies, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency techniques, and any intervention, strategy or assessment related to increasing carbon sinks and /or reducing carbon emissions. Sustainable Development only Articles documenting or assessing sustainable development programs, processes and ideas without an explicit focus on adaptation to climate change. Conceptual and Methodological Approaches Articles reviewing, summarizing, predicting, discussing, and assessing adaptation to climate change but providing no indication that adaptations were / are in practice. Articles in this category stressed the message: ‘we need to adapt now’, assessed methods and challenges of adaptation (including how to improve adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change) and examined the success of adaptive strategies via empirical tests. Many of the included documents are not mutually exclusive to other categories; documents that included potential adaptive strategies but were not clearly or predominantly appropriate for other categories were included in this category. Vulnerability / Resilience / Adaptive Capacity Assessments Articles assessing vulnerability of a particular group / System to climate change based on environmental / social factors (e.g. geographical location, poverty level). Studies included assessments of resilience and adaptive capacity but did not include actual programs or processes set in place to improve resiliency or adaptive capacity. Developing nation focus Country not an annex 1 nation Natural systems & other Natural systems Any study focusing on the affects of climate change on the biological (flora, fauna) and physical (soil, land, water, climate) systems only. Based on the descriptions of Natural Physical Systems and Natural Biological Systems in the IPCC AR4. Impacts, risks, uncertainty, vulnerability and predictive modeling of Natural Systems are all included in this category. Prehistoric climate change papers and empirical studies examining crops focusing only on plant biology / ecology (i.e. without reference to yield / production) were included in this category. Managed Natural Systems that provide ecosystem services were considered Human Systems. Other Book reviews (critiques of books on adaptation to climate change). Also included in this category were articles totally irrelevant to the topic. These included human adaptations in prehistory (predating written history). S4: Included and excluded articles (modified from Berrang-Ford et al., 2011) S5. Articles included in the analysis (n=39) Article Id. 1 Year Title Journal Chapin III, S.F. 2006 2 PenningRoswell, E. 2006 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Global Environmental Change 3 Arkell, B.P. & Darch, G.J.C. 2006 4 O’Brien, K et al. 2006 5 McKenzie Hedger, M et al. 2006 6 Vedwan, N. et al. 2007 7 Jones-Walters, L. 2007 8 Slaughter, R.A. & Wiener, J.D. 2007 9 Wolfe, B.B. et al. 2007 10 Ogden, A.E. 2007 Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate Signals' from pre-crisis discourse: Lessons from UK flooding for global environmental policy change? Impact of climate change on London's transport network Questioning complacency: Climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation in Norway Bridging the gap: Empowering decision making for adaptation through the UK climate impacts programme Institutional Evolution in Lake Okeechobee Management in Florida: Characteristics, Impacts and Limitations Pan-European ecological networks Water adaptation and property rights on the Snake and Klamath Rivers From Isotopes to TK interviews: Towards interdiscinplinary research in Fort Resolution and the Slave River Delta, Northwest Territories Forest management in a changing climate: Building the Volume: (Issue) 103: (45) Pages 1663716643 16: (4) 323339 Proceedings of the ICE - Municipal Engineer AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 159: (ME4) 231237 35: (2) 50-56 Climate Policy 6: (2) 201215 Water Resources Management 22: (6) 699718 Journal for Nature Conservation JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association Arctic 15: (4) 262264 308321 60: (1) 75-87 Forestry Chronicle 83: (6) 806839 43: (2) 11 Lorenzoni, I. et al. 2007 12 Few, R. et al. 2007 13 Lynch, A.H. & Brunner, R.D. 2007 14 Gagnon-Lebrun, F. & Agrawala, S. 2007 15 Kyselý, J. & Kříž, B. 2008 16 Marchildon, G.P. et al. 2008 17 Pahl-Wostl, C. et al. 2008 18 Cœur, D. & Lang, M. 2008 19 Ebi, K.L. & Semenza, J.C. 2008 20 Tremblay, M. et al. 2008 21 Hoekstra, A.Y. & De Kok, J.-L. 2008 environmental information base for the southwest Yukon Climate change, human genetics and postnormality in the UK Climate change and coastal management decisions: insights from Christchurch Bay, UK Context and climate change: an integrated assessment for Barrow Alaska Implementing adaptation in developed countries: an analysis of progress and trends Decreased impacts of the 2003 heat waves on mortality in the Czech Republic: an improved response? Drought and institutional adaptation in the great plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 19141939 The importance of social learning and culture for sustainable water management Use of documentary sources on past flood events for flood risk management and land planning Community-based adaptation to the health impacts of climate change Climate change in Northern Quebec: Adaptation strategies from community-based research Adapting to climate change: a comparison of two strategies for dike Futures 39: (1) 65-82 Coastal Management 35: (2) 255270 Climatic Change 82: (1) 93-111 Climate Policy 7: (5) 392408 International Journal of Biometeorology 52: (8) 733745 Natural Hazards 45: (3) 391411 Ecological Economics 64: (3) 484495 Comptes Rendus Geosciences 9-10 644650 American Journal of Preventative Medicine 35: (5) 501507 Arctic 61: (5) 27-34 Natural Hazards 47: (2) 217228 22 Wallis, M.J. et al. 2008 23 Botzen, W.J.W. & van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. 2008 24 Urwin, K. & Jordan, A. 2008 25 VanKoningsveld, M. et al. 2008 26 Gawith, M. et al. 2008 27 Norman, B. 2008 28 Sadowski, M. 2008 29 Blennow, K. & Persson, J. 2009 30 Forbes, B.C. & Stammler, F. 2009 31 Trainor, S.F. et al. 2009 32 Dowsley, M. 2009 heightening Climate change: Charting a water course in an uncertain future Insurance against climate change and flooding in the Netherlands: Present, future, and comparison with other countries Does public policy support or undermine climate change adaptation? Exploring policy interplay across different scales of governance Living with sea level rise and climate change: a case study of the Netherlands Application of the UKCIP02 climate change scenarios: reflections and lessons learnt Principles for an intergovernmental agreement for coastal planning and climate change in Australia An approach to adaptation to climate change in Poland Climate Change: Motivation for taking measures to adapt Arctic climate change discourse: the contrasting politics of research agendas in the West and Russia Vulnerability and adaptation to climaterelated fire impacts in rural and urban interior Alaska Community clusters in wildlife and environmental American Water Works Association Journal Risk Analysis 100: (6) 70-79 28: (2) 413426 Global Environmental Change 18: (1) 180191 Journal of Coastal Research 24: (2) 367379 Global Environmental Change 19: (1) 113121 Habitat International 33: (3) 293299 Climatic Change 90: (4) 443451 Global Environmental Change Polar Research 19: (1) 100104 28: (1) 28-42 Polar Research 28: (1) 100118 Polar Research 28: (1) 43-59 33 Pearce, T.D. et al. 2009 34 Hamin, E. & Gurran, N. 2009 35 Saavedra, C. & Budd, W.W. 2009 36 Cater, J.G. et al. 2009 37 Kiparsky, M. 2009 38 Orlove, B. 2009 39 Druckenmiller, M. et al. 2009 management: using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic Urban form and climate change: balancing adaptation and mitigation in the US and Australia Climate change and environmental planning: Working to build community resilience and adaptive capacity in Washington State, USA Sustainability appraisal and flood risk management Sedimentationupwelling a model for the science-policy interface in the case of climate change and California water Glacier retreat: Reviewing the limits of human adaptation to climate change Toward an integrated coastal sea-ice observatory: System components and a case study at Barrow Alaska Polar Research 28: (1) 10-27 Habitat International 33: (3) 238245 Habitat International 33: (3) 246252 Environmental Impact Assessment Review Water Policy 29: (1) 7-14 11: (1) 107124 Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development Cold Regions Science and Technology 51: (3) 22-34 56: (2-3) 61-72 S6: Excluded articles categorized by reason for exclusion (n=1702 documents) (modified from Berrang-Ford et al 2011). Developing nation (48) 1. Archer ERM, Oettle NM, Louw R, Tadross MA. 'Farming on the edge' in arid western South Africa: climate change and agriculture in marginal environments. Geography 2008,93:98-107. 2. Ayers J. International funding to support urban adaptation to climate change. Environment and Urbanization 2009,21:225-240 3. Ayers JM, Huq S. The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Bangladesh. Environmental Management 2009,43:753-764. 4. Barbier B, Yacouba H, Karambiri H, Zorome M, Some B. Human Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Sahel: Farmers' Adaptation Strategies in Northern Burkina Faso. Environmental Management 2009,43:790-803. 5. Barnett J. THE EFFECT OF AID ON CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM NIUE. Political Science 2008,60:31-45. 6. Bassett TJ, Turner MD. Sudden shift or migratory drift? FulBe herd movements to the SudanoGuinean region of West Africa. Human Ecology 2007,35:33-49. 7. Ben Salem H, Smith T. Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments. Small Ruminant Research 2008,77:174-194. 8. Botzen WJW, van den Bergh J. Insurance against climate change and flooding in the Netherlands: Present, future, and comparison with other countries. Risk Analysis 2008,28:413-426. 9. Brouwer R, Akter S, Brander L, Haque E. Socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risk: A case study of climate change and flooding in Bangladesh. Risk Analysis 2007,27:313-326. 10. Carr ER. Between structure and agency: Livelihoods and adaptation in Ghana's Central Region. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:689-699 11. Cliggett L, Colson E, Hay R, Scudder T, Unruh J. Chronic uncertainty and momentary opportunity: A half century of adaptation among Zambia's Gwembe Tonga. Human Ecology 2007,35:19-31. 12. Coeur D, Lang M. Use of documentary sources on past flood events for flood risk management and land planning. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2008,340:644-650. 13. Conde C, Ferrer F, Orozco S. Climate change and climate variability impacts on rainfed agricultural activities and possible adaptation measures. A Mexican case study. Atmosfera 2006,19:181-194. 14. Cooper PJM, Dimes J, Rao KPC, Shapiro B, Shiferaw B, Twomlow S. Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 2008,126:24-35. 15. Coulthard S. Adapting to environmental change in artisanal fisheries - Insights from a South Indian Lagoon. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:479-489. 16. Eakin H, Tucker C, Castellanos E. Responding to the coffee crisis: a pilot study of farmers' adaptations in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Geographical Journal 2006,172:156-171. 17. Eakin HC, Wehbe MB. Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework: two cases from Latin America. Climatic Change 2009,93:355-377. 18. Eriksen S, Lind J. Adaptation as a Political Process: Adjusting to Drought and Conflict in Kenya's Drylands. Environmental Management 2009,43:817-835. 19. Eriksen S, Silva JA. The vulnerability context of a savanna area in Mozambique: household drought coping strategies and responses to economic change. Environmental Science & Policy 2009,12:33-52. 20. Eriksen SH, O'Brien K. Vulnerability, poverty and the need for sustainable adaptation measures. Climate Policy 2007,7:337-352 21. Flam KH, Skjaerseth JB. Does adequate financing exist for adaptation in developing countries? Climate Policy 2009,9:109-114 22. Hardoy J, Pandiella G. Urban poverty and vulnerability to climate change in Latin America. Environment and Urbanization 2009,21:203-224. 23. Hay J, Mimura N. Supporting climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessments in the AsiaPacific region: an example of sustainability science. Sustainability Science 2006,1:23-35. 24. Kelkar U, James CR, Kumar R. The Indian insurance industry and climate change: exposure, opportunities and strategies ahead. Climate Policy 2006,6:658-671. 25. Kemp-Benedict E, Agyemang-Bonsu WK. The Akropong approach to multi-sector project planning. Futures 2008,40:834-840. 26. Khan MAA. Climate politics at a crossroad: views on building a consensus. Climate Policy 2007,7:162-165. 27. Kistin EJ, Ashton PJ. Adapting to change in transboundary rivers: An analysis of treaty flexibility on the Orange-Senqu River basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development 2008,24:385400 28. Lagos P. Peru's approach to climate change in the Andean mountain region: Achieving multidisciplinary regional cooperation for integrated assessment of climate change. Mountain Research and Development 2007,27:28-31. 29. Laukkonen J, Blanco PK, Lenhart J, Keiner M, Cavric B, Kinuthia-Njenga C. Combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level. Habitat International 2009,33:287-292. 30. Lemos MC, Tompkins EL. Creating Less Disastrous Disasters. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies 2008,39:60-+. 31. Madelene OA, Chen DL. Land-use change: Impacts of climate variations and policies among smallscale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China. Land Use Policy 2006,23:361-371. 32. Mbow C, Mertz O, Diouf A, Rasmussen K, Reenberg A. The history of environmental change and adaptation in eastern Saloum-Senegal-Driving forces and perceptions. Global and Planetary Change 2008,64:210-221. 33. Mertz O, Mbow C, Reenberg A, Diouf A. Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation Strategies in Rural Sahel. Environmental Management 2009,43:804-816. 34. Meze-Hausken E. On the (im-)possibilities of defining human climate thresholds. Climatic Change 2008,89:299-324. 35. Mukheibir P. Qualitative assessment of municipal water resource management strategies under climate impacts: The case of the Northern Cape, South Africa. Water Sa 2007,33:575-581. 36. Mukheibir P, Ziervogel G. Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for climate change: the city of Cape Town. Environment and Urbanization 2007,19:143-158. 37. O'Farrell PJ, Anderson PML, Milton SJ, Dean WRJ. Human response and adaptation to drought in the arid zone: lessons from southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 2009,105:34-39. 38. Osbahr H, Twyman C, Adger WN, Thomas DSG. Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change disturbance: Scale dimensions of practice in Mozambique. Geoforum 2008,39:1951-1964. 39. Paavola J. Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania. Environmental Science & Policy 2008,11:642-654. 40. Paavola J, Adger WN. Fair adaptation to climate change. Ecological Economics 2006,56:594-609. 41. Pandey DN. Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India. Current Science 2007,92:455-463. 42. Patt AG, Schroter D. Perceptions of climate risk in Mozambique: Implications for the success of adaptation strategies. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2008,18:458467. 43. Postigo JC, Young KR, Crews KA. Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high Peruvian Andes. Human Ecology 2008,36:535-551. 44. Prabhakar S, Shaw R. Climate change adaptation implications for drought risk mitigation: a perspective for India. Climatic Change 2008,88:113-130. 45. Reid P, Vogel C. Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa - Glimpses from KwaZulu-Natal. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 2006,16:195-206. 46. Roberts D. Thinking globally, acting locally - institutionalizing climate change at the local government level in Durban, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization 2008,20:521-537. 47. Roy M. 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Definition of variables and adaptation typologies (modified from Berrang-Ford et al, 2011) Variable Year First Author Affiliation Definition/ description Year in which the article was published (2006-2009). Information about the first author, for example, the organization / institution that the first author was associated with when they produced the article. In most cases the first author affiliation was clearly provided in the article, usually below the abstract or at the end of the article. In cases when the association was not provided, Google search engine was used to identify the primary affiliation of the first author at the time of the publication. Researcher Individual (employee / faculty / graduate student / research assistant / associate etc.) affiliated with an educational institution (University or College). Also included were individuals working for a private and / or for profit institution / company conducting research for the purposes of fulfilling company goals and objectives. Government Individual working for or in association with a municipal, provincial, federal, or international government body. Non-governmental organization Individual working for or in association with a non-profit organization on the work in question. Civil society Public servants such as health care professionals, legal practitioners, public safety personnel or any other individual whose primary profession is to serve the public, but who is not a government employee. Included here are the most prominent or obvious climate change related and non-climatic related stimuli motivating the adaptive response. In all cases, climate change factors were at least in part driving the adaptation action. Climate change stimuli included seasonal variability and long-term changes in atmosphere and meteorological variables, naturally caused land erosion, changes in snow and ice cover, glacier melt and changes in water body characteristics (circulation, oceanic storm surges) associated with climate change (refer to IPCC 2007, WG11 AR4, and section 1.1 for more specific information on climatic stimuli). Type of Stimulus Climate change Precipitation Includes rainfall variability, extreme rainfall events, droughts or floods, longterm changes in precipitation trends, glacier / snow / ice retreat due to dry conditions or variations in air humidity and land erosion due to rainfall. Socio-politicaleconomic or sustainable development Includes actions taken to improve a socio-political or socio-economic issue or to achieve some societal goal. Some examples include: societal or political conflicts, responses to population growth, economic development, trade and migration, institutional development, infrastructure, high property prices, social inequality, inadequate access to basic needs, new or improved social or governmental management or policy, government legislation or programs, and government or social structure changes (e.g. decapitalization). Also included are actions promoting sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations 1987). Climate change Temperature Includes extreme temperature related events (extreme heat days), seasonal, annual, inter-annual temperature variability, and long-term warming patterns. Wildfires and glacier / snow / ice retreat due to global warming were included here (Chapter 1, Section 1.1.2 in IPCC 2007, AR4 WG11). Non-climate change environmental change This category includes geological processes associated with plate tectonics and other extremes not directly due to climate variables. Examples include earthquakes or volcanic eruptions (e.g. Adams et al., 2003), non-climate change related water disasters such as tsunamis, air or water pollution via human release of chemicals, toxins, or byproducts of industry or human activity (e.g. tropospheric ozone, toxic waste, oil spills, exhaust, pesticides increased soot emissions), damage caused solely by invasive species (i.e. not in association with climate change), human induced land-cover modification / land-use change (e.g. desertification, conversion of forest to agriculture). Resource availability Actions taken to deal with insufficient resources that are needed to meet basic human needs (food, shelter and water). Lack of resources was either a result of climate change (e.g. altered plant and animal ranges and abundances IPCC 2007, WG 11 AR4 Section 1.1) or from limited access / unequal distribution of resources among populations (e.g. as a result of high population densities relative to food and / or water availability). Climate change – Extreme storm events Storms over land, coasts and water bodies that are a direct result of climatic variables (e.g. temperature, wind, precipitation / humidity). Examples include severe windstorms, thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes and cyclones. Also included are floods, land damage / erosion, and / or infrastructure damage that are a direct result of storm activity. Climate change – Sea level rise Gradual increase of coastal sea waters or changes in coastal sea levels associated with storms (e.g. Gornitz et al. 2002, IPCC Section 6, box 6.2), inundation of low lying coastal floodplains and surrounding lowlands and increased salinity of these areas due to sea level rise, coastal erosion due to sea level rise (see IPCC Section 6.2.5 for more details), sea ice cover in arctic regions and associated sea level rise, increased wave propagation, shoreline retreat / cliff / coastal erosion due to sea level rise (see IPCC 2007, AR4 section 6.4.1.1). Market conditions Response to market pressure, opportunities and development, changes in commodity prices and market economy (e.g. cost of importing / exporting resources, inflation), changes in supply and demand of commodities, international or national subsidies to promote cultivation or production of specific goods, the negotiation and trade of goods among free market community members, altered livelihood / agricultural production practices or crop type and / or re-location for increased financial stability or more economically feasible goods (e.g. switching from cash / subsistence crops to more competitive products or government subsidized goods), increased participation in the market as a result of increased access (e.g. new roads, new development projects, irrigation furrows, improved breeds, construction of slaughterhouses). Climate change – Other or general Proximity of effect Articles that stated “climate change” as the stimulus. Such articles could have been referring to one or more specific climatic variables that were not explicit or obvious in the text, figures or tables of the article. Represents the connection between the climate change stimulus and the group / system adapting. More specifically, it reveals how humans are affected, either directly or indirectly, by climate change stimuli. Biophysical effect (indirect) Effects that are not life threatening and do not significantly limit resources needed to meet basic human needs (food and water). Such cases usually included impacts that disrupted occupation. An example is an extreme event or seasonal weather fluctuations in weather that impacts agricultural production for cash or commercial crops but not to the extent that income for basic needs and essential resources was significantly affected. In such articles, the emphasis was placed more on the implications of an altered livelihood (e.g. use of new crop varieties, or a shift in occupation) versus the subsistence implications. Human impact (direct) Instances when the stimulus affected abundance, availability, accessibility and / or quality of basic human needs; being food, water and shelter. An example is an extreme event that impacts the quantity of subsistence crops, causes damage to homes, and contaminates food and / or water for human consumption. Also included are stimuli that lead to illness / morbidity or mortality. N/A Importance of climate change in motivating adaptation Not stated or not appropriate The influence of climate change in driving adaptive actions varied: in all cases, climate change played a role, but had varying levels of importance in stimulating adaptive responses. Some focused mainly on climate change affects and specific responses to deal with them. Others were less clear on which factors, being climate change or non-climate change related drivers, were primarily responsible for motivating the adaptive action under investigation. In most cases, it was fairly clear if climate change was the sole or primary reason for adapting or whether the adaptation was a result of climate change in addition to other secondary factors. Sole reason for adapting Primary reason combined with secondary factors When it was clear that only climate change stimuli were drivers of adaptation. Equal or secondary role combined with other factors Both climate change and non-climate related factors were influential in driving the adaptive response; however, it was unclear which set of drivers took the leading role in motivating a response. Climate change was either equally important or of secondary importance to non-climate change related drivers in driving the adaptive response. Climate change adaptations could be a response to long-term change in mean climate, inter-annual or decadal variability and / or short-term extreme events. Climatic stimuli occurring at these three levels are interdependent; however adapters considered impacts affecting human systems on one timescale or on Timeframe of climate change effects When climate change was indicated as the main driver of adaption in addition to various social, economic, or political stimuli. two or more timescales as the basis for adapting. When no temporal reference was made and only “climate change” was mentioned with no clear climate related impact / event, “long-term change in mean” was selected. For examples, such papers discussed climate change as a general and inevitable long-term phenomenon requiring preparatory and immediate attention and action. Variability and extremes could be nested concerns; however, were not explicit or prioritized motivations for a response. Long-term change in mean Responses to changes in a mean climate variable (e.g. temperature, precipitation) either observed or predicted over decades and / or one within a few centuries on a global or broad regional scale. The mean conditions are the central tendencies of a distribution of weather conditions which vary from year to year and are apparent as trends over several years (e.g. for temperature, there is an evident warming trend that has occurred within the past century). Adaptive responses to predictions of long-term changes in mean conditions as predicted by climate change forecasts are included here. Inter-annual or decadal variability Variability over periods ranging from a few years to several decades. This may include shifts or changes in the shape of frequency distributions of climate variables and general seasonal weather variability (e.g. length of rainy season, seasonal temperature or precipitation changes). Isolated extreme events Isolated extreme event or severe / catastrophic weather condition such as a storm, drought or flood and includes changes in the frequency of extreme events. An extreme event is considered to have occurred abruptly with or without warning and is an obvious and a weather event that is a significant deviation from normal conditions. An extreme event disrupts human life differently than longer term fluctuations in weather; disruptions are more intense and do not last as long. Impacts on human life could be felt well after the extreme event occurred. Spatial scale of adaptation Individuals / households Adaptations were undertaken by one or more people but not enough persons to constitute a community level adaptation. Instances included families, or a subset of the community responding to stimuli in hopes of improving living conditions for family or household members with little or no concern or mention of other community members. Household is defined as individuals living together as a unit under one roof or relatives that live in a common area. Municipality / community Collective action taken as a community to deal with stimuli that affect the community as a whole or the sum of its parts (two or more households). This usually involved one or more groups or persons that respond in order to improve conditions for the community as a whole. The adaptive action could be undertaken by community members or government / non-governmental bodies at the municipal or local level. Sub-national (Province/ State/ Region) Typically these actions involved the participation of citizens, government or non-government organizations at the provincial / state (not national / country level) / regional levels acting to improve conditions at a regional scale that encapsulated two or more municipalities within provincial boundaries or involving many provinces. Adaptations could be undertaken by two or more provinces within a nation; however, actions were not meant to influence all citizens at the national or country scale. National Adaptive actions undertaken by government or non-government bodies at the federal / national level acting on behalf of the entire nation in order to improve / maximize well being of all citizens or select vulnerable groups within a nation. Multinational (2 or more nations) Adaptive actions taken in partnership between two or more nations by government or non-government organizations that will affect the well being of all citizens or a subset of vulnerable groups within one or more of the participating nations. Actions include adaptations organized by international NGO’s, the United Nations or private companies. Also included are adaptive actions undertaken or lead by one nation, but that affect citizens of two or more nations. Sectors involved in adaptation Agriculture, fishing, and/or forestry Activities directly related to the farming, fishing or forestry primarily in terms of the raw material extraction, management processing, production and marketing of farmed, fished or forested goods. Agricultural activities refer to farming practices such as livestock husbandry, cultivation and production of goods / products for commercial and / or subsistence purposes. Fishing includes the capture and use of freshwater or salt water species (e.g. fishes, crustaceans and usable / marketable aquatic plants) for subsistence / human consumption, sale in local markets or large scale national or international aquaculture / fisheries. Forestry includes activities related to the removal of trees for use in industry (e.g. pulp and paper). For all three sectors, adaptations include ecosystem management activities or sustainable development of goods that fall under the respective categories. Ocean & coastal management Activities related to the management of oceanic and coastal ecosystems that are of value to humans and typically include those that are aesthetically pleasing (e.g. beaches, coral reefs), provide pleasant natural environments and improve well being / or that boost economy. The management, design and / or maintenance of coastal infrastructure are also included here. Ecosystem management Activities related to the management of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems that are of value to humans. Typically, this included management of ecosystems that are aesthetically pleasing, provides pleasant natural environments and improve well being and / or that boost economy. Human manipulation and sampling of ecosystems that are of little or no value to humans, and are used for the study of biological, physical, chemical processes for academic purposes are not included here. Public health Activities undertaken to minimize mortality and morbidity of humans. This includes public health care activities and the manufacturing and distribution of health care products, provision of health care services and access to health care during emergencies, relief efforts to minimize disease and to reduce further damage to health from natural disasters, health education and outreach and programs for healthier living (e.g. decrease dependency on cars and encourage physical activity). It also includes prevention measures that reduce health risks or mitigate human health impacts. Examples of health vulnerabilities related to climate change include: infectious diseases, illness due to heat exposure (e.g. associated with urban heat islands), food and water borne diseases, direct health effects from extreme events and mental health effects from altered livelihoods or cultural practices. Disaster risk management Reserved for adaptations that explicitly mentioned “risk management” as the sector of interest. Many risk management activities were also relevant to additional sector(s). Many actions arguably could be considered risk management; however, if not explicitly stated as such, were not included here. Industry & technology Industry encompasses businesses or manufacturing enterprises. In general industry encompasses manufacturing and processing of products and services and research and technological development in the area of electronic networks and communication. Industry for our purposes does not include natural resource extraction in the agricultural, fishing, forestry health or energy sectors. Infrastructure & transportation Include all buildings and transportation infrastructure and the activities related to the creation, modification or maintenance of them. Examples include construction, maintenance and / or management of various types of commercial, governmental or residential buildings, small roads & highways, bridges, railways, canals, physical structures set up for water distribution (pipes, sewers) in any kind of societal setting (e.g. rural or urban). Also included are the research, engineering and planning associated with infrastructural development. Not included are any activity related to the construction, maintenance and / or management of coastal infrastructure (refer to ocean and coastal management). Energy Policies, programs and management related to non renewable and renewable energy sources and use, and sustainable and clean energy research and technology. It includes electrical utilities and energy use in buildings (e.g. lighting, heating and cooling), energy for transportation, and power usages in various societal / industrial activities. Tourism Businesses / companies, or governmental bodies that provide indoor or outdoor leisure activities for the purposes of boosting economy, promoting wildlife conservation and / or providing new cultural experiences for non residents / visitors. Utilities & water Actions associated with the management, extraction, treatment, storage, distribution and general use of water in homes, buildings, industrial purposes. Also included is the management and treatment of sewage and water use for agricultural purposes. Culture Traditional activities separate from or unrelated to occupation. Education Sectors and institutions aimed at knowledge advancement and transfer. This includes educational boards and schools (e.g. Universities, Colleges), technical training and research institutions. Secure Resources and food security Stakeholders involved in adaptation NGO (Nongovernmental Organizations) Activities related to financial / income, occupational and resource security. It includes formal financial institutions (e.g. banks, money lenders, and insurance companies), small scale systems for securing assets and access to food or natural resource security, securing human capital, skill, management and connections in order to react when production fails or when regular income sources are reduced. Private organizations acting on behalf of the poor (e.g. to provide basic social services or relieve suffering), or to promote community development and / or environmental protection. Such organizations operate independently from but may cooperate with governments as a means of achieving a common goal. Includes actions by non-governmental groups at all scales (local, state, national and international). Government – Municipal Includes government representatives (administrators, municipal public service personnel, officials and local level departmental employees appointed by municipal councils) working / acting under the jurisdiction of cities / towns / villages / municipalities and includes initiatives, programs, policies or regulations imposed at the local level. Municipal bodies established as local boards or commissions and that may or may not be commissioned by the provincial government are also included here (examples include libraries, utility commissions, transit authorities, policy commissions, parks boards and conservation authorities). Government – State/ Provincial/Regional Activities undertaken by members of provincial government defined as a subnational government or sub-entity of a sovereign country. Provincial government includes autonomous constituents of a federation or confederation (e.g. the States of the USA and Australia or the Provinces / Territory of Canada). It includes actions taken by government representatives (administrators, national public service personnel, officials and national level departmental employees) within the provincial / regional government administration or departments operating at the provincial government level. Generally it includes actions by provincial or regional representatives of government jurisdiction between the national level and local / municipal level. Government – National Actions taken by government representatives (administrators, national public service personnel, officials and national level departmental employees) acting on behalf of the citizens within the nation, for example the establishment of national policies and new laws. The common government of a federation or sovereign state is characterized by a union of partially self governing states or regions united by a central (national or federal) government. Actions taken at this level include those by both centralized (e.g. Canada) and decentralized governments (USA, Australia). It includes all central government ministries and department and agency personnel to which the federal ministers of government are assigned (“state” is reserved for nations or countries, despite, for example USA and Australia consisting of separate non-sovereign states). The term federal government includes any parties or national level departments carrying out roles and responsibilities in maintaining national security / agendas and exercising international diplomacy. Government – International Actions taken by representative on behalf of intergovernmental and international government organizations. The category includes individuals from one or more nations working together to achieve collective goals and objectives generally to benefit one or more of the participating countries and / or other countries in need of assistance. This category includes initiatives organized by the United Nations (UN) and the functional organizations affiliated with the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) such as the World health Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. Also included here is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The European Union, the African Union and the Union of South American Nations are other examples. Research or educational institutions The category includes all private sectors (all economic activity other than government), for profit businesses or companies, research organizations or institutions not specified to be associated with government, academics or scientists, engineers working in private research companies or who conduct work on environmental data and assessments. It included vague or undefined (not clearly indicated in the text of the article) terms such as research institution, private sector/company, scientific community, academic and private development company. Finally, it included private sector participation in the provision of natural resources (e.g. water services and transportation). Research universities and colleges, typically associated with other organizations in collaboration with government or non-government agencies were included here. Individuals, families, or community residents Includes actions taken by one or more members of the public (not associated with any particular company, organization or government affiliation) or collective action undertaken by a family, community, village, city or town. Civil societies This category lacked a specific definition and was reserved for articles that specifically mentioned “civil society” as being involved in the adaptation process. Focus on vulnerable groups/ regions Coastal systems Socio-economically disadvantaged groups Indigenous focus Communities or human dwellings that exist directly or near the sea and that experience oceanic weather related events as a result of its close proximity to an ocean. Individual(s) and group(s) that are impoverished or disadvantaged relative to the societal average. The text must have included explicit mention that the group has relatively less access to resources, basic needs. Such groups tended to represent the poorest members of a society / community / group. Individuals that are part of an indigenous group inhabiting a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection. Terms that represented such groups included: indigenous peoples, aboriginal peoples, native peoples and first peoples. It was assumed that when stated in the text, such terms abided by the following general defining criteria of an indigenous group: cultural groups existing before subsequent colonization or alongside other cultural groups during the formation of a nation-state or independently or largely isolated groups from the influence of the claimed governance by a nation-state. Also assumed are groups who are self-identified as indigenous and / or those recognized as such by other groups. Arctic The region surrounding the Earth’s North Pole. It included the most northerly regions of Canada, United States (Alaska), Russia, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland and most of Greenland (Denmark). The Arctic region is defined here as the land area north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33’N). Women, elderly, and children Reserved for articles that specifically mention or describe women, elderly and / or children as relatively more vulnerable to threats than other members of society. Describes the timing of the adaptation strategy which was defined according to when the action occurred relative to the stimulus. Type of adaptive strategy Proactive (i.e. planned or anticipatory) Intent and purposeful action taken with future climate change impacts in-mind. Planned adaptations could be undertaken by both public and private groups. In general, examples of planned adaptations included implemented forecasting / warnings, infrastructural codes / standards and incentives for preparing for future impacts. In the private sector, examples of planned adaptations included insurance purchasing and infrastructural design standards. Also included in this category is the establishment of funding bodies and frameworks to provide relief from future climate change impacts. Reactive (i.e. autonomous) Passive or autonomous action taken in response to an impact that has already occurred. Actions taken to cope with immediate impacts or to adjust to an altered environment were considered reactive actions and typically without the directed intervention of a public agency. Exceptions are efforts put forth by public groups after a climate change impact has occurred (e.g. delivering food, water or providing immediate funding to people in need). Examples of reactive adaptations by individuals or communities included shifts in livelihood / daily life in response to altered natural (e.g. agricultural) or human environment (e.g. market conditions, institutions alterations). The underlying goal of the adaptation was defined as the purpose explicitly set or implied by the group(s) adapting and which guided the adaptive action. A list of adaptation verbs applicable to all sectors included general adaptation terms and specific adaptive outputs. The former included: to retreat /avoid, protect, accommodate/cope, adjust, prepare / prevent and / or restore. An example of inter-sector applicability of these terms is that different sectors can all adapt to climate change by retreating, accommodating or protecting, but the specific actions taken per sector can be quite different. In coastal management, to retreat, protect and accommodate may involve relocating threatened buildings, setting up protective infrastructure and implementing early warning systems respectively. In agriculture management, to retreat, protect and accommodate may involve migrating from dry infertile land to one more profitable for crop cultivation, building more resilient housing for livestock and changing crop varieties better suited to new climatic conditions, respectively. The more specific adaptive actions included: building trust/social networks/enhance communication, enhancing learning, improve monitoring, improving forecasting, spreading risk, promoting awareness, capitalizing on climate change benefits and securing income and resources. Primary goal of adaptation Prepare / prevent / reduce risk Reserved for actions taken if the goal was specified explicitly but not yet implemented. To prepare includes preliminary actions required to set up an adaptation action such as devising management plans, scheming / brainstorming / formalizing plans or policies in anticipation of a threat / impact or any preparatory action to reduce future risk of climate change related impacts. Build trust / networks / partnerships Actions included communication and networking among stakeholders for the purposes of knowledge sharing. It includes partnerships and participatory action among nations. In general, building trust refers to actions that involve the communication, cooperation or participation of two or more distinct groups / stakeholders / communities / nations etc. to achieve a common goal that will benefit both / all parties. Networks or partnerships include establishing open lines of communication among different stakeholders such as conferences, workshops, discussion boards, internet / phone based meetings and exchanges. Partnerships also indicate formalized unions between two or more groups working together to achieve a common goal or output. Enhance learning / research Studies or research initiatives undertaken specifically to enhance knowledge on possible and appropriate adaptation options. Empirical studies tended not to be included unless they were specifically motivated to guide current or future adaptation actions / improve existing adaptations. Secure income or resources Actions taken to promote financial security and / or to protect assets / resources against potential threats. Such actions include investing, saving money, stocking resources etc. Assets and resources included shelter, food and water and livelihood practices / options. Accommodate / cope Actions taken in response to a threat. Responses were characterized by reactive actions not necessarily a change in pre-threat behavior but more so to “deal” with a given threat. Responses tended to be short-term and occurred after an event / episode. Actions included short-term responses to intermediate decline in access to food. Protect / conserve Included shielding humans, human assets or resources from threats via physical structures or barriers. Improve monitoring actions that improved knowledge and awareness of potential threats via use of detection devices, surveillance equipment or researchers / personnel established to survey and warn / alert of climate change & meteorological conditions related to climate. Actions taken to better predict future climate change and climate change related events. Such actions typically involve the application of forecasting equipment / technologies. Forecasting initiatives include the collection and use of hydrological / weather / meteorological / climate data and in some cases relevant risk / uncertainty / sensitivity data to forecast future climate change and climate change related events for a particular region. Increase public knowledge on the current and potential impacts of climate change. Actions included media outreach, community involvement programs and activities, educational initiatives, and the dissemination or research results to the public. Improve forecasting Promote awareness Adjust Change of behavior and alteration of routine or activity after an experience with a particular stimulus. Spread risk Actions included diversification of livelihood strategies, exploiting typically two or more alternate and more lucrative business / livelihood endeavors in addition to or in exchange of those undertaken before the stimulus. Retreat / avoid Actions include migrating / re-locating to avoid harm from a stimulus. Also included in this category is the re-location of assets / resources from harm or from potential detrimental / negative effects from a particular stimulus. Restore to original conditions Actions taken after an impact has ensued on human or human capital / resources and are meant to reinstate / re-establish conditions existing prior to the effects of the stimulus. Capitalize on climate change benefits Actions taken to exploit potential benefits of climate change effects. Examples include taking advantage of increased water availability from floods and partaking in activities suited to the change in weather conditions (e.g. enjoying warmer temperatures in typically colder seasons of more northern climates). For each adaptation, the mechanism through which the adaptive output / goal was undertaken and the key institution or group through which the adaptation occurred were identified. Adaptations took the form of financial support, educational initiatives, new / adaptive management strategies, institutional, regulatory / instituted guidelines / advisories on adaptive actions, structural changes, and technological innovations. The institution of group through which the adaptation occurred included government bodies, non-government organizations/private groups and /or individuals / communities. Adaptation mechanism Institutional/ guidelines Institutional adaptations were changes or new management strategies, plans, policies, regulations, guidelines, programs or operating frameworks used by organizations, companies, government agencies or unspecified groups to guide current or future adaptive actions. It included research programs aimed at collecting information related to adaptation options, new institutions to assess priorities and to establish criteria for proper adaptation measures, general planning and design. Mainstreaming adaptation planning into existing management programs or policies was also included in this category. Government Municipal, provincial, federal or international government representatives were primarily responsible for carrying out the adaptive action or the adaptation was accomplished / mediated / facilitated by one or more government bodies. Financial support Financial support included funding for adaptation purposes and any type of monetary assistance allocated for adaptation purposes (e.g. funds for relief efforts and to prepare for future impacts). Also included here are charities, financial sponsorships, loans and subsidies for the purposes of adaptation (e.g. government subsidies for farmers after episodes of intense drought to encourage renewed self reliance in food production after loss of crops). Technical Technological adaptations included the establishment or use of forecasting / monitoring devices, innovative irrigation, agricultural and infrastructural re- design and risk management methods, and other innovative and technical advancements associated with novel or adopted livelihood strategies. Community When the community has primary responsibility for carrying out the adaptive action. The action was accomplished / mediated / facilitated by community as a whole representing members of a collective society, one or more households, or by particular individuals within a community. Structural Structural adaptations included the maintenance of existing or construction of new buildings or infrastructure for water (e.g. pipelines), electricity, hydro or communication and other urban or rural infrastructure such as new roads, shelters, and built green spaces (e.g. structures in parks and green spaces in urban centers). Non-government Non-governmental organizations or private businesses held primary responsibility for carrying out the adaptive action. The action was accomplished / mediated / facilitated by the non-governmental organization. Education Initiatives actions or institutions established to promote adaptive learning on climate change and adaptation. S8: Summary of adaption reports and activities in developed nations Variable When is adaptation being reported? Year 2006 2007 2008 2009* (note: half of 2009 only) 2009 projected Who or what system is adapting? Spatial scale of adaptation Municipality / community Sub-national (Province/State/Region) National Individuals / households Multinational (2 or more nations) Importance of climate change in motivating adaptation Sole reason for adapting Primary reason combined with secondary factors Equal or secondary role combined with other factors Sectors involved in adaptation Infrastructure & transportation Utilities (Including electricity, water, and flood management) Ocean & coastal management Ecosystem management Agriculture, fishing, and/or forestry Secure Resources and food security Disaster risk management Public health Culture Tourism Industry & technology Energy Education Stakeholders involved in adaptation Government – National Research or educational institutions Government – Municipal Individuals, families, or community residents Government – State/ Provincial/Regional Government – International (2 or more nations) NGO (Non-governmental Organizations) Civil societies Region where adaptation is occurring Europe N. of articles (%) 39 (100) 5 (13) 9 (23) 14 (36) 11 (28) 22 Non-cumulative* 26 (67) 15 (38) 12 (31) 3 (8) 1 (3) 39 (100) 10 (26) 16 (41) 13 (33) Non-cumulative* 24 (62) 24 (62) 17 (44) 16 (41) 13 (33) 10 (26) 10 (26) 8 (21) 6 (15) 5 (13) 4 (10) 4 (10) 1 (3) Non-cumulative* 35 (90) 31 (79) 28 (72) 24 (62) 24 (62) 8 (21) 8 (21) 3 (8) Non-cumulative* 22 (56) Eastern Europe 5 (7) Northern Europe 12 (14) Southern Europe 4 (6) Western Europe 8 (10) North America Asia Oceania (NZ & Australia only) 20 (51) 0 (0) 3 (8) Non-cumulative* Focus on vulnerable groups/ regions Coastal systems & low-lying areas 22 (56) Indigenous focus 12 (31) Arctic 11 (28) Socio-economically disadvantaged groups 1 (3) Women, elderly, and children 0 (0) What are the adaptation activities & outcomes? Non-cumulative* Type of adaptive strategy Proactive (i.e. planned or anticipatory) 36 (92) Reactive (i.e. autonomous) 12 (31) Non-cumulative* Primary goal of adaptation Prepare / prevent / reduce risk 33 (85) Enhance learning / research 25 (64) Build trust / networks / partnerships 24 (62) Improve monitoring 19 (49) Promote awareness 17 (44) Improve forecasting 16 (41) Protect / conserve 15 (38) Secure income or resources 10 (26) Accommodate / cope 10 (26) Adjust 5 (13) Retreat / avoid 4 (10) Restore to original conditions 4 (10) Spread risk 3 (8) Capitalize on climate change benefits 1 (3) Non-cumulative* Adaptation mechanism Institutional / guidelines 35 (90) Government 34 (87) Financial support 19 (49) Non-government 17 (44) Structural 15 (38) Technical 12 (31) Education Initiatives 12 (31) Community 11 (28) * Category totals are non-cumulative since any given article may be classified into multiple non-exclusive categories.