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Transcript
Cellular Functions Cell Wall Found in plant cells, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes, but not in animal cells. Provides support and protection for the cell. Mostly cellulose which is the main component of wood and paper. Cell Membrane Encloses the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell Is a phospholipid bilayer. Every cell has a cell membrane!! Cytoplasm Clear, jelly-like substance inside the cell that contains the organelles. Nucleus Control center of the cell. Contains DNA which carries instructions for making proteins. Nuclear Envelope (membrane) Membrane that encloses the nucleus, sometimes called nuclear membrane. Nuclear pore Hole in the membrane surrounding the nucleus, allows some things to pass through. Nucleolus Dark, condensed region inside the nucleus where assembly of ribosomes begins. Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. Microtubules are hollow structures that also play an important part in cell division. In animal cells, these microtubules are called centrioles. Centrioles Form of cytoskeleton found in animal cells, involved in cell division. Vacuoles Storage vessels for water, salts, carbohydrates, and proteins. Most plant cells have a large, central vacuole, but many animal cells contain many small vacuoles. Ribosomes Make proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus. Found throughout the cytoplasm, and attached to rough Endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic Reticulum A membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials. Rough ER, contains ribosomes, and is involved in protein synthesis. Smooth ER, contains enzymes involved in synthesis of lipids, and detoxification. Golgi Apparatus Flattened membranes where proteins are modified, sorted, packaged, and shipped to their final destination. Mitochondria Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Chloroplasts Found in plant cells, they capture the energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Chromatin Particles made of protein and DNA found in the nucleus. Lysosomes Digest, or break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins to be used by the rest of the cell. Breakdown organelles that are no longer useful, for removal as waste. Cilia Hairlike structures found on some cells that act as “paddles” to allow movement. Flagella “Tail-like” structures found on some cells to allow movement. Cell Boundaries Diffusion In solution, particles move constantly. Particles tend to move from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. States of Solution Isotonic- solution is the same concentration on both sides of a membrane. Hypertonic-solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell. Hypotonic- solution has a lower concentration than the cell. Other types of transport Facilitated diffusion – protein channel assists in getting particles across the membrane Active transport – requires the cell to use energy!!!!!!!! -Endocytosis -Exocytosis -Pinocytosis