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Transcript
Biology Class Notes Lesson 5 Cell Cycle Objectives: 1.2.2, 1.1.3, 4.2.1 How do multicellular eukaryotes replace damaged cells and how do single cellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduce? Cell Division: The process by which a “parent cell” divides to form two or more new “daughter cells”. Cell Cycle: The continuous process in which individual cells grow, make copies of their chromosomes (aka c’somes), and then divide to form daughter cells. The Cell Cycle Interphase • G1 Phase- Cells grow to mature size • Longest phase of the cell cycle (18-20 hours). • S Phase- Cell’s DNA is copied • G2 Phase- Cell prepares for cell division • Shortest phase of the cell cycle Mitosis • M Phase of Cell Cycle • Division of the nucleus during cell division. • Number of c’somes is same in mother and daughter cells • Used for homeostasis/cell maintenance and asexual reproduction by plants, and unicellular eukaryotes. Prophase • First phase of mitosis. • Nuclear envelope dissolves. • DNA shortens and tightens into c’somes. • Spindle fibers form from centrioles and drag c’somes to ends of cell. • Two copies of c’somes form, each one is called a chromatid. – Chromatids are connected by a centromere, which creates the ‘x’ shape. Metaphase • Second phase of mitosis. • C’somes visible w/ a light microscope for the first time. • Spindles move c’somes to center of the cell, line them up, and hold them in place. • Anaphase • Third phase. • Chromatids split and are pulled by spindles to opposite poles of the dividing cell. • Once they separate, they are now individual chromosomes. Telophase • Fourth phase. • C’somes reach opposite ends of the cell. • Nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform around c’somes. • The spindle fibers dissolve. Cytokinesis (New Cell is Complete) • Cytoplasm divides and splits at the Cleavage Furrow: Area of the membrane that pinches to divide one cell to become two. Note in plants, a Cell Plate develops and divides the two new cells. Assign Cell Cycle Problem Set Assign Mitosis Problem Set Assign Onion Root Tip Online Lab http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html Key Words Cell division Parent cell Daughter cell Cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase Sister chromatids Centromere Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Asexual reproduction