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PSYCHOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
 STUDY GUIDE 
William Wundt
 Known
as the “father of psychology”
How is psychology related to
the natural sciences?
 Concern
with the biological functions of
the brain
 The way it conducts experiments
 The way it analyzes data and draws
conclusions
What are the roles of counseling
psychologists, school psychologists,
and educational psychologists?
 Counseling
– therapy for everyday
problems; clarify clients goals; assist in
meeting challenges
 School psychologists – testing; develop
IEPs
 Educational – course planning and
instructional methods
When did modern psychology
begin?
 1800s
– with advancement in science
Psychoanalysis
 Focuses
conflicts
on unconscious motives and
behaviorism
 Scientific
study of observable behavior
Humanistic perspective
 Concerned
with human consciousness,
experience, and self-awareness
survey
 Helps
researchers gather information from
many people
Representative sample
 People
are selected at random from a
target population
Stratified sample
A
sample that proportionally represents
every subgroup of a target population
Case-study method – Who
used it?
 Studying
one person over an extended
period of time
 Sigmund Freud
Longitudinal studies
 Studies
a group of people over an
extended amount of time
 Drawbacks: expensive; people may drop
out
Naturalistic observation
 Observing
people in their natural
environment
 Example: watching people eating in a
restaurant
Correlation does not equal…?
 causation
Skinner boxes are examples of
what?
 Laboratory
observations
Why is confidentiality in studies
important?
 Encourages
participants to be truthful
When can participants in a
study be deceived?
 If
there will be no harmful effects from the
study
 If they’re debriefed after the study is
complete
How do researchers learn
about the brain?
 Studying
images of the brain created by
computers
 Studying those with brain injuries
 Studying the effects of electrical
stimulation on the brain
What type of study is most useful for
showing the influence of heredity and
environment?
 Studying
apart
twins who have been reared
What are acetylcholine and
dopamine?
 neurotransmitters
What is the role of the
hypothalamus?
 “hypo
the llamas!!!” 
 Involved in hunger, thirst, and
REGULATING BODY TEMPERATURE
The right side of the body is
controlled by …
 Left
hemisphere
Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area
 Producing
and understanding speech
Cerebrum
 Largest
part of the brain
Sensory adaptation
 Block
out sounds we hear frequently
 Example: living by train tracks
Chemical senses
 Smell
and taste
Visual acuity
 Sharpness
of vision
Temple Grandin
 Woman
diagnosed with Autism that
perceived her world in pictures 
What are the 4 basic taste
qualities?
 Sweet
 Sour
 Bitter
 Salty
Sensation
 Process
of receiving sensory information
Who detects odors more
readily?
 Women
Altered states of
consciousness
 Examples:
sleep and meditation
Sensory awareness
 Example:
smelling a freshly baked pie
Why is sleep vital?
 Helps
people recover from stress
 Builds up our resistance to infection
 Maintains the brain’s proper functioning
REM sleep
 Part
of sleep cycle in which we have the
most vivid dreams
Circadian rhythm
 Sequence
of bodily changes that occur
every 24 hours
Hypnosis
 Altered
state of consciousness in which
people respond to suggestions and
behave as though they are in a trance
3 meanings of consciousness
 Sensory
awareness
 Direct inner awareness
 Sense of self
Insonmia
 Inability
to sleep
Why is sleepwalking common
in children?
 Immaturity
of the nervous system
What was Freud’s theory
about dreams?
 They
reflected our unconscious wishes
and urges
Unconditioned
stimulus/response
 Stimulus
that causes an automatic
response
 See food  start to salivate
Conditioned stimulus/response
A
stimulus that is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus that provokes a
response
 Bell + food  salivates
 Bell  salivates
Reinforcement
A
stimulus increases the chances of a
preceding behavior to occur again
Latent learning
 Form
of learning that keeps information
hidden until it is needed
 Example: directions
Classical conditioning
 Ivan
Pavlov’s salivating dogs
What is Ivan Pavlov known
for?
 Classical
conditioning
What is the difference between
negative reinforcement and
punishment?
 Negative
reinforcement – behavior
increases to take away a negative
stimulus (using an umbrella to avoid
getting soaked)
 Punishment – decreases a behavior (timeout)
Fixed-interval schedule of
reinforcement
 Reinforcement
after a specific amount of
time
 Getting paid every 2 weeks
Generalization
 Little
Albert
 Fear of white rats  fear of anything white
and furry
Taste aversion
 Form
of classical conditioning that can
help people avoid illness
Primary reinforcers
 Food/candy
Procedural memory
 Memories
of specific skills – riding a bike
Generic memory
 General
knowledge
 Who was the 1st president of the US?
What is repression a
reaction to?
 Painful
and unpleasant memories
Recognition
 Easiest
of the 3 basic memory tasks
Retrograde amnesia
 Inability
injury
to remember events prior to the
Decay
 General
fading away of memory
Information-processing
model
 Encoding,
storage, retrieval
How much info can the
short-term memory hold?
 +/-
7
Chunking
 Organizes
units
information items into familiar
(732) 602 - 8650
Mnemonic device
 ROY
G BIV
Intelligence
 Learn
from experience
 Think rationally
 Deal effectively with the environment
Adopted children have IQs
most similar to….
 Biological
parents
What causes mental
retardation?
 Difficulties
during childbirth
 Drug or alcohol abuse during pregnancy
 Genetic disorders
Wechsler vs. Stanford-Binet
 Wechsler
abilities
measure verbal and nonverbal
Emotional intelligence
 Self-awareness
Gardner
 Multiple
intelligences
What is the average IQ
score?
 70
What is the IQ for
“giftedness”?
 130
Developmental psychology
 Examines
how people are continually
developing
Rooting reflex
 When
a child’s cheek is touched, they
turn toward the touch
Accommodation
adapt your current schemas to incorporate
new info
Piaget’s Stages of
Development
 Sensorimotor
 Preoperational
 Concrete
operational
 Formal operational
Authoritative parenting
style
 Expects
compliance with rules but
explains the rules and encourages
independence
Erikson’s stages
8
stages of development marked by the
resolution of specific developmental
“tasks”
 Trust vs. mistrust
Kohlberg’s stages of moral
development

Preconventional



Conventional



Stage 1 – characterized by avoidance of punishment
Stage 2 – characterized by a desire to further one’s own
interests
Stage 3 – characterized by living up to the expectations
of others
Stage 4 – characterized by a sense of conscience and
“doing one’s duty”
Postconventional


Stage 5 – characterized by an understanding that values
and rules are relative but generally need to be upheld
Stage 6 – characterized by universal ethical principles
What are the stages of
death & dying?
 Denial
–”Can’t be me”
 Anger – “It’s not fair”
 Bargaining –”I’ll be nicer if…”
 Depression – “What’s the use …”
 Acceptance – “I’ve had a good life.”
How many supposed
human instincts?
 5759
Instinct
 Complex
behavior that has a fixed
pattern throughout a species and is
unlearned
Bulimia/Anorexia
Maslow’s hierarchy
Self-actualization –
creativity, problem solving, spontaneity
Esteem –
self-esteem, confidence, respect of self and from
others
Love & belongingness –
friendship, family, relationships
Safety –
security of body, employment, morality, family
Physiological –
food, water, breathing, sleep
What are the 4 basic
human motives?
 Hunger
 Sex
 Belonging
 Achievement
James-Lange theory of
emotion
 “We
are happy because we smile.”

SMILE FOR YOU
Smiling is infectious; you catch it like the flu,
When someone smiled at me today, I started smiling
too.
I passed around the corner and someone saw my grin
When he smiled I realized I'd passed it on to him.
I thought about that smile then I realized its worth,
A single smile, just like mine could travel round the earth.
So, if you feel a smile begin, don't leave it undetected
Let's start an epidemic quick, and get the world
infected!
Emotion
 Interplay
of physiological activation,
expression of behavior, and a conscious
experience
Self-actualization
 Top
of hierarchy of motives
 Reach full potential
Robert Zajonc
 Feel
an emotion before thinking
What are Freud’s 3
structures of the mind?
 Id
 Ego
 Superego
Archetypes
 Images
such as a supreme being and
fairy godmother
Sociocultural theory
 Person’s
ethnic background that
contributes to the formation of the
person’s personality
Self-concepts
 View
of oneself as an individual
Regression
 One
of Freud’s defense mechanisms
 Causes an individual to retreat to childlike behavior
Trait
 Aspect
of personality that is considered to
be reasonably stable
Adler
 People
are motivated by a need to
overcome feelings of inferiority
Hypochondriasis
 Unrealistic
preoccupation with the fear
that one has a serious illness
Criterion for diagnosis
 Maladaptivity
 Typicality
 Emotional
discomfort
 Socially unacceptable behavior
Schizophrenia
 Characterized
reality
by a loss of contact with
PTSD
 Characterized
by intense, persistent
feelings of anxiety due to a traumatic
experience
Depression
 Feelings
of hopelessness, worthlessness,
and sadness
Bipolar disorder
 Mood
disorder involving a cycle of mood
swings from depression to elation
OCD
 Obsessions
and compulsions
Personality disorders
 Antisocial
others
– disregard for the rights of
Psychotherapy
 Psychologically
based therapy that
involves verbal interaction between a
trained professional and a person who is
skeeping help for a psychological disorder
Free association
 Method
used in psychoanalysis in which
the patient is instructed to say whatever
comes to mind
What approach focuses on
reaching your full
potential?
 Humanistic
What type of drug would
be used for someone with
schizophrenia?
 Antipsychotic
What is the most effective
form of therapy for
depression?
 Cognitive
Attribution theory
 Theory
that states the people tend to
explain the behavior of others in terms of
either their disposition or in terms of the
situation
Social loafing
 Tendency
for people to slack off when
they are working with others toward a
common goal
Bystander effect – Kitty
Genovese
 Phenomenon
in which people are less
likely to give aid when other bystanders
are present