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Cell Structure and function Eukaryotic Cell Structure What are the major cell structures? What are their functions? www.cellsalive.com www.learngenetics.utah (cell link). Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing the games and completing the activities at the websites posted In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs. 0% m s an Or g or g an e sy st e lle m s sy st e 0% s 0% an Or g tissues Organ systems organelles Organ systems tis su es 1. 2. 3. 4. 0% 20 What is the function of the mitochondria? Make lipids Make proteins Control the cell Make energy 74% 16% 11% en er gy ak e M Co nt r ol th e ce . .. s te in pr o M ak e lip id s 0% M ak e 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the function of ribosomeS? Make lipids Make proteins Control the cell Package and transport materials 84% 16% 0% Pa c ka g e an d tr. .. ce . .. ol th e Co nt r te in pr o ak e M ak e lip id s s 0% M 1. 2. 3. 4. Which of the following organelles are found only in plant cells? Mitochondria Chloroplast Golgi apparatus Lysosomes 100% es 0% Ly so so m ar a ia pp Go lg or o pl a st tu .. . 0% Ch l ito ch o nd ria 0% M 1. 2. 3. 4. Which of the following cells do not have nuclei? Plant Animal Eukaryote Prokaryote 60% 30% ry ot e Pr ok a ar yo te Eu k m al 5% An i nt 5% Pl a 1. 2. 3. 4. Where is dna located in a eukaryotic cell? Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus 70% 25% at u. .. iA pp ar Go lg Cy to pl a Nu cle us nd ria ch o ito sm 5% 0% M 1. 2. 3. 4. All cells have 1. Nucleus 2. Endoplasmic reticulum 3. Cell Wall 4. Cell Membrane 70% ne br a em M Ce ll W al Ce ll En d op l as m ic re ... Nu cle us 5% l 10% 15% How well do you know the organelles and their functions? A. I can recall all of the organelles, their functions, where they are in the cell and how they work together. B. I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear on how some of them work. C. I remember the names of many organelles but don’t know their functions. D. I only remember a few organelles. . ns w er t ex t.. . En te ra En te ra ns w er t ex t.. . ex t.. er t ns w En te ra En te ra ns w er t ex t.. . 25% 25% 25% 25% Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Both •No nucleus •Nucleus •Living things •Smaller and simpler cells •Larger and more complex cells •DNA •No membrane bound organelles •Most primitive form of life on Earth Example: bacteria •Have membrane bound organelles Examples: •Plants •Animals •Fungi •Protists – single celled (unicellular) organisms •Ribosomes •Cytoplasm •Cell membrane Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List four things that are different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Put these differences in order from most important to least important. What is a membrane bound structure that contains genetic material and controls many of the cell’s activities? 76% 1. 2. 3. 4. Prokaryote Eukaryote Nucleus Cell membrane 16% 8% 0% 1 2 3 4 Which of the following cells do not contain a nucleus? 1. Animal cell 2. Plant cell 3. Bacterial cell 84% 16% 0% 1 2 3 Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 1. have a nucleus 2. have DNA 3. have membrane bound organelles 4. are the same size 80% 16% 4% 1 0% 2 3 4 True or false? Eukaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus. 100% 1. True 2. False 0% 1 2 Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)? pr ey ot M ea ist us st s hr s& oo m m ol -b ds ea r in gf An P un la im nt gi al sl sl ik ike et br re in es es hr im ... lik ba c Fu ng i 1. bacteria 2. protists 3. Fungi like yeasts & molds 4. Mushroom-bearing fungi 5. Plants like trees 6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects te r ia 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% How well do you know the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. I can recall and explain all of the major differences and similarities. B. I can list all of the major differences and similarities. C. I only know a few major differences or similarities. D. I don’t remember the differences between these two types of cells. . ns w er t ex t.. . En te ra En te ra ns w er t ex t.. . ex t.. er t ns w En te ra En te ra ns w er t ex t.. . 25% 25% 25% 25% Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain membrane bound organelles in the cells Prokaryote eukaryote Naked DNA DNA in membrane bound nucleus Ribosomes ribosomes Cytoplasm cytoplasm (cytosol) Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton Plasma membrane plasma membrane Cell wall (some) Cell wall (some protists, all plants, & fungi) Flagella & cilia (some) flagella & cilia (some) All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized (they look different & function differently) cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs) Cells in a leaf Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom cells in gut protists Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)? us st s hr s& oo m m o -b ld ea s r in gf An P un la im nt gi al sl sl ik ike et br re in es es hr im ... tis t M lik ey ea pr o te r ba c Fu ng i 1. bacteria 2. protists 3. Fungi like yeasts & molds 4. Mushroom-bearing fungi 5. Plants like trees 6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects ia 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 10 Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria. Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria. Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells. Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed). Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls? 17% nt s 17% pl a Fu ng i 17% Pr ot ist s ba ha e ac t ct e m An i 17% er ia 17% r ia al 17% Eu b Animal Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Protists plants Ar c 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The job of a cell wall is to: as m su p. .. un d Su rro to ll s ce w Al lo th e ph o de pr ov i an d ct Pr ot e 33% 33% to sy nt ... 33% cy to pl 1. Protect and provide support 2. Allow cells to photosynthesize 3. Surround the cytoplasm Cell walls in plants are made out of? 1. chitin 2. cellulose 3. Phospholipid bilayers 4. Peptidoglycan 5. proteins ns te i pr o ce Ph llu os lo ph se ol ip id bi lay er s Pe pt id og ly ca n ch i tin 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Which structure is found in (specific to) a plant cell,but not an animal cell. m es ito en ch do on pl d ria as m ic re Sm t i.. oo . th ER (S ER ) Ce ll w all s st s pl a os om Ro ug h lys or o Chloroplasts lysosomes mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 5. Smooth ER (SER) 6. Cell walls Ch l 1. 2. 3. 4. 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 20 Which is the organelle that holds the cells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell? las m 0% cy to p us 0% Nu cle ol nu cle ol ch o tri ito 0% us 0% nd ria e 0% m centriole mitochondria nucleolus Nucleus cytoplasm ce n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center? bo h 0% RN A id s 0% Lip ns 0% te i yd ra t es 0% pr o 0% DN A DNA carbohydrates proteins Lipids RNA ca r 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 25% ar ol po r es us 25% Nu cle om at in 25% ch r es os om om chromosomes chromatin nucleolus Nuclear pores ch r 1. 2. 3. 4. 25% nu cle When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as grains or tangled strands, it is called: 20 When DNA is wrapped around _________called histones, it is called chromatin. When chromatin is packed tightly enough to be visible, it is called a chromosome. 0% 0% ic Nu cle pr o te i ac id s ns s 0% lip id yd ra t es 0% bo h carbohydrates lipids proteins Nucleic acids ca r 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 When you view eukaryotic cells via light microscopy, you see a small dark, dense region inside the nucleus. It is called the: 0% po r ar br a em m Nu cle ar e ne 0% Nu cle las op ol nu cle nu cle 0% m 0% us 0% os om e ribosome nucleolus nucleoplasm Nuclear membrane 5. Nuclear pore rib 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 These organelles are assembled in nucleoli. os om es 0% lys uo l va c os om rib 0% es 0% es 0% gi golgi ribosomes vacuoles lysosomes go l 1. 2. 3. 4. 15 The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of ___________ surrounding the nucleus. 0% 0% bo h ca r id s lip ph os ph o yd ra t ac id ic Nu cle 0% es s ns 0% te i proteins Nucleic acids carbohydrates phospholipids pr o 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 The structure composed of a network of protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, & moving organelles inside the cell is the: 0% Ci li um ,f la ge le to n llu m 0% Cy to sk e lw all 0% Ce l em br a ne 0% lm Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoskeleton Cilium, flagellum Ce l 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 33% ot ub ul of il. .. icr M icr m in Ac t M icr ot ub ul es ,. .. Match the cytoskeletal protein filaments to their correct functions: 33% es ,. .. 33% 1. Microtubules, form flagella, cilia & centrioles, while actin microfilaments allow cells to change shape like during cytokinesis or amoeba’s extending pseudopodia 2. Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia & centrioles 3. Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow cells to move with pseudopodia (false feet) 20 What is the difference between Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER? ch ed at ta ad bo so m es m ub e to of c R. . e. . 0% Ri SE R is at to is RE R 0% e ns po rt t.. . tra ns po r tra us ed to d us e is 0% ... 0% SE R 1. SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell 2. RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell 3. SER is a tube made of cell membrane 4. Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins. 30 Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes? n St or e ge n et M ic od i in fo r fy p yc le re c & n 0% m at io ... ol ak m to es do w k en zy m Br ea in 0% ro te in s 0% e. .. 0% Co nt a 1. Contain enzymes to make lipids 2. Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins 3. Modify proteins 4. Store genetic information 30 Ribosomes 0% 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e M ht e lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz cs Ar e e u p se r m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% ch 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% U se lig h At t e ta ne ch rg c y M arb to m ak o e hy ak. d A . Ar TP rat . e e t m oa & em llo l.. Ar b w . c e ra m ne ell em t s . . Sy br ube nt an he e s .. si sac . Ar ze s e u p m ro se em te d. . br ins . an fo l e sa l... cs fil le ... 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct components of membranes (SER) or modify proteins (RER) 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30 Golgi apparatus: 0% 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e M ht e lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz c Ar su e e pr se m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% ch 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30 Lysosomes: 0% 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e M ht e lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz cs Ar e e u p se r m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% ch 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30 Vacuoles: 0% 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e M ht e lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz cs Ar e e u p se r m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% ch 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30 Chloroplasts: 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e ht e 0% M ch lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz c Ar su e e pr se m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% 30 Mitochondria: 0% 0% 0% 0% ne rb o ca ak e M ht e lig At ta Us e 0% 0% rg yt o m ak hy ... dr AT a Ar P te e t o & m a l.. em llo . w Ar br ce e an m lls em e t . . ub br Sy e an nt s. e he .. sa siz c Ar su e e pr se m d. em ote . in br sf . an ol e l . .. sa cs fil le .. . 0% ch 1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5. Are membrane sacs used for storage 6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 20 What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis? pr ot ist s ke l li fu ng a Fu ng i s& al m An i & an i tl m ik al ep lik e pr ... ro t is ts te r ba c pl an op hi c nt s& Pl a au to tr 1. autotrophic bacteria 2. Plants & plant like protists 3. Animals & animal like protists 4. Fungi & fungal like protists ia 25% 25% 25% 25% 20 True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are surrounded by a single cell membrane. se 0% fa l 0% tru e 1. true 2. false 15 ge lla R SE le s, fla RE R, tri o hl o ,c 0% ito ch o nd ria 0% Ce n ro pl nu cle i, Go lg 0% as ts oi 0% M What two organelles contain their own genetic information in the form of small circular DNA molecules called plasmids? 1. Golgi, nucleoi 2. Mitochondria, chloroplasts 3. RER, SER 4. Centrioles, flagella 15 Endosymbiotic theory states that the ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes that escaped digestion after being eaten by ancient animal-like bacteria. 0% dr ia 0% ch on ito Ch l or o pl a st s, m Fla ge ll a ,c SE ilia R 0% RE R, le ol i 0% nu c Nuclei & nucleoli RER, SER Flagella, cilia Chloroplasts, mitochondria Nu cle i& 1. 2. 3. 4. 30 Cells are like factories Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main office Ribosome—makes proteins using blueprints from DNA (like a machine in a factory) Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shop Chloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace) If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’s customization department. What cell organelles serve this customization function for proteins? 0% ac u ,v ol g nd ria RE R, g ol e s us ol uc le us ,n M ito ch o Nu cle 1. Nucleus, nucleolus 2. Mitochondria, vacuoles 3. RER, golgi 0% i 0% 20 find organelles in plant and animal cells with these diagrams Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water? 0% 0% & 1 Bo th rt t su pp o To st or ew at he er w ei fo r us e gh to ... f.. . 3 0% To 1. To store water for use when the soil is dry 2. To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure) 3. Both 1 & 3 20 What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts? 0% nd ria gi 0% m ito ch o go l icl es 0% ve s es 0% uo l vacuoles vesicles golgi mitochondria va c 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 In the animal-like protist, Paramecium, which organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the cell from bursting? 0% cu o ile ac t Co nt r Ce n tra lv va ac lw uo l le e all 0% Ce l 1. Cell wall 2. Central vacuole 3. Contractile vacuole 0% 20 What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal proteins, makes up a ribosome? ro i st e ra t 0% d 0% e lip id 0% bo hy d 0% Ca r 0% rR NA DNA rRNA lipid Carbohydrate steroid DN A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 What is the job of a mitochondrian? w le ne yc le ica re c m & Co nv e rt ch e n do w k Br ea 0% rg y. .. 0% ... at es bo hy dr to . .. 0% ca r er gy en lig ht St or e 4. 0% rt 2. 3. Convert light energy to chemical energy Store carbohydrates Break down & recycle wastes Convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells, ATP Co nv e 1. 20 Which cells contain mitochondria? 0% 0% 0% ce lls Fu ng al c Ce el ls lls Pr ot in ist al le ce uk lls ar yo tic . .. 0% nt Pl a ls al ce l m An i ry ot ic 0% ce lls 0% Pr ok a 1. Prokaryotic cells 2. Animal cells 3. Plant cells 4. Fungal cells 5. Protist cells 6. Cells in all eukaryotic kingdoms 20 What cells contain chloroplasts? ke l li m Fu ng i & an i s& al m An i 0% pr ot ist s pr ... e lik al ep ik tl pl an nt s& sy nt Pl a 0% fu ng a er ia ba ct ic he t 0% ro t is ts 0% Ph ot o 1. Photosynthetic bacteria 2. Plants & plant like protists 3. Animals & animal like protists 4. Fungi & fungal like protists 20 True or false. Cells that are involved in detoxification have lots of SER because this network of tubes contains the enzymes used to degrade toxins. True (e.g., in the liver) True or false: cells making large amounts of proteins (like hormones) for export would have large amounts or RER and golgi. True. This targets the molecules in transport vesicles to the membrane for exocytosis. Which organelles are really extensions of the cytoskeleton (made of microtubules) that slide via action of motor proteins and allow cells to move? Cilia—smaller—usually present in high numbers Flagella—longer—usually present alone or in pairs. Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent breaks up materials for cell defense (like ingested bacteria or viruses). The enzyme peroxidase (catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with peroxisomes serves to neutralize any peroxide that escapes.