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Chapter 3 Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Sensation Perception Receptor Cell Absolute Threshold Adaptation Weber’s Law Subliminal Messages Visual Acuity Bipolar Cells Ganglion Cells Optic Nerve Color Blindness • Trichormats • Monochromats • Dichromats Decibel 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Olfactory Bulb Pheromone Taste Buds Kinesthetic Senses Vestibular Senses Gate Control Theory Constancy: – Size Constancy – Color Constancy Aerial Perspective Stereoscopic Vision Perceptual Illusion Autokinestic Illusion Phi Phenomenon BellWork Copy down the graphic organizer in your notes. Sense Vision Hearing Smell Taste Touch Description of How Brain Processes Sense Absolute Threshold Group Activity Interview each other about the events of September 11, 2001. Ask these important questions: – – – – – – Who What When Where Why How In your questions and answers, try to focus on the sensations (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching) as well as emotions you felt as you witnessed the events of September 11, 2001. Is there a difference between the individual memories and the collective memory of the class? How did hearing your interviewee's recollection of the event affect your own memory, if at all? September 11, 2001 Eyewitness Interviews and Reactions Men and women from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, a crosssection of America. Included are interviews with people who were in the World Trade Center, but the majority of the interviews are from other parts of the country, from those who first heard the news on television or radio What events does each of the eyewitnesses recount? How are their accounts different? How are they similar? What role did technology play in how the eyewitnesses experienced the events of September 11? In what ways, if any, did technology help people? In what ways, if any, did technology fail to help people? What emotional responses do the eyewitnesses describe? Which emotions seemed to be the most commonly experienced immediately after the attacks? Which were most common days or weeks after the events? How do the eyewitness accounts add to your understanding of what you previously knew about the events of September 11, whether from seeing the events on television, reading about them, or learning about them in school? Describe what you believe to be the unique value of eyewitness accounts of major historical events. What do these accounts reveal about the values of the individuals describing the events of the morning of September 11? How might these values affect the way in which they recall the events? What other factors might affect their recollection of the events? Reactions to 9/11 Billie Jo McAfee, South Lake Tahoe, California Peter V.Z. Roudebush, Fort Dodge, Iowa Melanie Jean Whipple, East Lansing, Michigan Patti Chapman, San Diego, California Cindy Mediavilla, Los Angeles, California David Harmon, Portland, Maine Compare the psychological and emotional responses of these individuals with those of eyewitnesses. What similarities do you note? What differences? Do people’s emotions and fears seem to vary according to where they lived—in the country’s interior or near a coast, in a small town or a big city? What are these interviewees’ perspectives on the media’s coverage of the events? How do you, as a listener and student of history, respond to the eyewitness accounts versus those of people who watched the events on television? How might your response to the accounts influence the way you construct a historic account of September 11? BellWork Copy these questions on a separate sheet of paper. You will use these later during the video. Leave space so you will have room to write the answers.: ______ _______ capture energy and convert it into signals that can be recognized by the brain. What are the three colors the eyes see? In the eyes, the cones are responsible for perceiving ________. What is the language of the brain? If you are hit on the back of your head, you are likely to see what? What are the three areas of the visual part of the cortex? If the ______ _______ ______ is damaged, a person can experience blind sight. What is blind sight? When a blind person reads Braille, the _____ cortex is being activated. Sensory and Perception Chapter 3 Exploring Psychology Helen Keller had been blind and deaf since she was two years old. For the next four years, Helen was “wild and unruly.” Then when she was six, Anne Sullivan, a teacher, entered her life. Using the sense of touch as the link between their two worlds, Anne tried again and again, by spelling words into Helen’s hand, to make Helen grasp the connections between words and the things they stood for. The breakthrough came one day as Anne spelled the word water into Helen’s hand as water from a spout poured over it. “I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers,” Helen remembered. “Suddenly I felt…a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to adapted from ABC’s of the Human Mind, Reader’s Digest, 1990. me.” The Questions What senses were unavailable to Helen Keller? How did she learn to compensate? An Eskimo or Native American? What’s Up? In the next few seconds, something peculiar will start hap pening to the material youa rereading. Iti soft ennotre alieze howcom plext heproces sof rea ding is. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. What is sensation? What occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor? – Response Stimuli - any change in the environment to which an organism responds Stimulus Response What is a perception? Combined sensations with past experiences. How we, as INDIVIDUALS, interpret our sensations Organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences Psychophysics The study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that caused them. – How much energy is required for someone to hear a sound or see a light? – How much of a scent must be in a room before one can smell it? – Absolute Thresholds of the senses Absolute Threshold The weakest amount of stimulus required to produce a sensation. Person can detect the stimulus 50% of the time. The Absolute Thresholds… Sight – a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear night. Hearing – hearing a watch ticking 20 feet away. Taste – tasting 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water. Smell – smelling 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room house. Touch – feeling a bee’s wing falling a distance of 1 centimeter onto your cheek. Sensory Adaptation Allows us to notice differences in sensations and react to the challenges of different or changing stimuli. Our senses adjust to the overall level of stimulation More stimulation, less sensitive Less stimulation, more sensitive Stroop Effect Pink Red Blue Pink Green Orange Yellow Blue Red Light Blue Green Black Brown Pink Orange Red Black Green Purple Red White Green Read the following list of colors. Say the color of each word aloud. Which does your mind see? The color of the word or the color the word REPRESENTS? The Stroop Effect http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/words.html Weber’s Law What is Weber’s law? – Difference Threshold/ Just Noticeable Difference is a constant proportion of the stimulation being judged. Weber’s Law JND Constants: – Hearing 0.3% (very sensitive) – Taste 20% Subliminal Messages www.sublymonal.com Can people be influenced by information they are not consciously aware? ESP: Real or Imagined? Extrasensory Perception – Response to an unknown event not presented to any known sense – Clairvoyance: awareness of an unknown object or event – Telepathy: knowledge of someone else’s thoughts or feelings – Precognition: forehand knowledge of future events – Parapsychology Inside Out Sensation The Five Senses Or maybe SIX? Senses Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Touching Internal – Vestibular – Kinesthetic Vision Process of Vision Light = Stimulus for sense of sight – Light enters the eye through the cornea – Passes through the pupils (contracts) – Moves through a lens and focuses on the retina (lining of the eye containing the receptor cells) – Fovea is the part of the eye that focuses images Visual Receptor Cells Rods – 120 million in each retina – Respond to intensity of light and dark – Responsible for night vision Cones – 8 million in each retina – Respond to colors – Less sensitive to light than rods From the Eyes to the Brain Ganglion cells – Neurons that connect the bipolar cells in the eyes to the brain Optic Nerve – Carries messages from each eye to the brain Color Vision Color Blindness – Trichromats- people with normal color vision – Monochromats- most severe type of colorblindness (less common) Only shades of gray – Dichromats- blind to either red-green or blueyellow shades of light and dark (more common) Binocular Vision Two eyes, one image Retinal Disparity – Visual system receives two images on the retinas Vision Smell and Taste Known as chemical senses because the receptor cells are sensitive to chemical molecules Smell and Taste are interrelated Smell is thought to be 10,000 times more sensitive than taste Smell Process of Smell Chemical molecules (vapors) enter your nose Olfactory Nerve – Carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain – Located in the membrane in the upper part of the nasal passage The Olfactory Nerve Taste Process of Taste 9,000 taste buds on tongue Liquid chemical molecules stimulate the taste buds (taste receptor cells) Information/Data is sent to the brain – Includes information about temperature and texture of the substance What Makes Up Taste? Sour Salty Bitter Sweet Flavor Ice cream – The combination of taste, smell, and touch – You can detect flavors anywhere on the tongue Hearing “If a tree falls in the forest and on one is there, does the tree make a sound?” Hearing Sound Waves Loudness, determined by the amplitude of the sound wave (decibel) Pitch, determined by the frequency of the sound wave Process of Hearing Sound waves strike the eardrum Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup – Sequence of tiny bones in the middle ear that carry the vibrations to the inner ear Vibrations hit against the cochlea – Contains fluids and Auditory nerves Auditory nerve: turn sound vibrations into neuronal signals – Found in the inner ear – Tiny hair-like cells Deafness Types: – Conduction Occurs when anything hinders physical motion through the outer or middle ear or when the bones of the middle ear become rigid and cannot carry sound. Usually a hearing aid will help. – Sensorineural Occurs from damage to the cochela, the hair cells, or the auditory neurons. A cochlear implant will be needed to hear sound. Tactile Senses The Skin Senses Your skin is your largest sense organ. Most sensitive skin areas are your face and fingertips Very sensitive: – 0.00004 of an inch of skin displacement will cause a sensation of pressure! Four kinds of information: – – – – Pressure Warmth Cold Pain Process of Touch Stimulus Receptor Cells send electrical signals Medulla Thalamus Touch and Pressure Arousing or Calming the Nervous System OW! Pain Gate Control Theory of Pain: – Lessen some pains by focusing our attention away from the pain impulses – OR sending sensation signals to compete with the pain signals Two Types: – Sharp, localized felt immediately after an injury – Dull, generalized felt later after an injury Touch The Sixth Senses Vestibular – Three semicircular canals located in the inner ear that provide a sense of balance. Kinesthetic – The sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual body parts. Perception Trying to Catch a Fly The frog’s bug detector shows the rigidity of reflexive behavior. If you sever the frog’s optic nerve, it will grow back together, and the bug detector will still work fine. If you sever the optic nerve and then rotate the frog’s eye 180 degrees, the nerve will still heal and reestablish all the old connections; however, this time the results will not be so good. The bug detector does not know that everything has been rotated, so it miscomputes a bug’s location. If the bug is high, the frog shoots its tongue low. If the bug is to the right, the tongue goes to the left. The frog never learns to compensate for the changed situation. from A Second Way of Knowing: The Riddle of Human Perception by Edmund Blair Bolles, 1991 Inside Out: Perception The Question Where does perception occur: in the sensory organ, in the nerve, or in the brain? Perception The brain receives information from the senses and organizes and interprets it into meaningful experiences – unconsciously. Our brains fill in the gaps… Perceptual Organization Each whole that is organized by the brain Gestalt is called a _________ The brain creates a coherent perceptual experience – More than the sum of all sensations Principles that people use in organizing such patterns: Proximity – When we see a number of similar objects, we tend to perceive them as groups or sets of those that are close to each other. Continuity – We tend to see continuous patterns, not disrupted ones. Similarity – When similar and dissimilar objects are mingled, we see the similar objects as groups. Simplicity – We see the simplest shapes possible. Closure – When we see a familiar pattern or shape with some missing parts, we fill in the gaps. Proximity ABCD EFG HIJK LMNOP QRS TUV WX YZ Sing your ABC’s… does the pattern you learned your ABC’s fit the pattern of the dots? You learned your ABC’s in groups of letters, to fit the tune “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” Continuity B C D A Two curves or two pointed objects? Similarity Simplicity Closure STAR Figure-Ground Perception The ability to discriminate properly between a figure and its background. Perceptual Inference Filling in the gaps. Synesthesia Hearing Colors: – All of her life, a woman, finally diagnosed with Synesthesia, had seen colors when she heard words or letters. She always saw yellow with hints of green when se heard the word king. – Synesthesia is the mingling or swapping of sensory information in which stimulating one sense triggers conscious experience in another sense. – 1 out of 25,000 people, result of a “crossed wire” in the brain? Subliminal Perception Subliminal perception occurs whenever stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness are found to influence thoughts, feelings, or actions. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMzbwa6PvEE Depth Perception Monocular Depth Cues – Used to perceive distance and depth. – Can be perceived with only one eye. Binocular Depth Cues – Depends upon the movement of both eyes. Constancy The tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting. Illusions Perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli. They are created when perceptual cues are distorted so that our brains cannot correctly interpret space, size, and depth cues.