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HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM & SENSE ORGANS p118 - 157 Sub topic 1: Human nervous system P120 - 121 Nervous system Stimuli Endocrine system •Hormones as well as nerves enable all animals to respond to internal and external changes & stimuli. •They also help the animal to coordinate various activities of the body. •Internal stimuli = hunger, fright, reproductive urges etc. •External stimuli = heat, cold, danger etc. Sub topic 2: Central nervous system P122 - 125 Meninges Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Sub topic 3: Peripheral nervous system P125 - 126 Peripheral Nervous System Sub topic 4: Autonomic nervous system P126 - 127 Autonomic Nervous System Sub topic 5: Structure and Functioning of a Nerve P127 - 129 Myelin Sheath Dendrite Axon Sub topic 6: A simple reflex arc P130 Reflex action Receptor Reflex arc Effector Reflex action: punching, blinking, sneezing, coughing, ducking, squealing, vomiting etc. Reflex arc: PNS CNS Sensory Inter PNS Motor Receptors: Organ Eye Nose Tongue Ear Skin Sense Sight Smell Taste Hear Touch Effectors: Muscle - Contracts, Relaxes = functions antagonistically Gland - Endocrine or Exocrine = Hormones / Bodily fluids. Nerve impulses are electrical messages that travel along the nerves at about 100m/s (roughly 360km/h). The myelin sheath that consists of fat helps to insulate the electrical impulse to avoid the leaking of information. Nodes of Ranvier act as booster sites to speed up the transmission. Nerves / Neurons do not touch each other , there is always a space between the terminal branches of one and the dendrite of another. The gap between neurons is called a SYNAPSE. p131 Because the gap exists, the electrical message is transformed into a chemical message and back to electrical. The chemical transmission across the synapse is achieved via a NEUROTRANSMITTER. Types of neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine Dopamine Epinephrine Serotonin Sub topic 7: Disorders of the CNS P134 - 135 Sub topic 8: Injuries to the CNS P136 - 137 Sub topic 9: Effects of drugs on the CNS P138 - 139 Sub topic 10: Receptors p140 Interoceptors Proprioceptors Exteroceptors Sub topic 11: Human Eye p141 - 148 Binocular vision Pupil reflex Long-sightedness Cataracts Accommodation Short-sightedness Astigmatism Accommodation of the eye Objects closer than 6m 1. Ciliary body (muscle) contracts 2. Ring shaped muscle contracts 3. Suspensory ligaments relax 4. Pulling force on lens decreases 5. Lens more convex / rounder Objects further than 6m 1. Ciliary body (muscle) relaxes 2. Ring shaped muscle relaxes 3. Suspensory ligaments contract 4. Puling force on lens increases 5. Lens less convex / rounder (more concave) 6. Light rays are broken more 6. Light rays are broken less Pupil Reflex / Pupillary Mechanism Short-sightedness Long – sightedness / Far sighted (Hyperopia) Astigmatism Cataracts Sub topic 12: Human Ear p149 - 151