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Download Box 9.1 The Basics of Sound (Part 1)
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Evolution of the Vestibular and Auditory End Organs External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 1) External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 2) External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 3) External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 4) External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 5) Auditory Nerve Fibers and Synapses in the Organ of Corti Dancing Outer Hair Cell - Video How Stereocilia Sense Auditory Stimulation Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Complementary Ways The ability to detect a change in frequency is measured as the minimal discriminable frequency difference between two tones. The detectable difference is about 2 Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz; above these frequencies, larger differences are required. Two theories of pitch discrimination: Place coding theory—pitch is encoded in receptor location on the basilar membrane. Temporal coding theory—firing rate of auditory neurons encodes the frequency of the auditory stimulus. Basilar Membrane Movement for Sounds of Different Frequencies Auditory neurons have tonotopic organization. Slow Motion GUITAR Strings Video Examples of Tuning Curves of Auditory Neurons Auditory Pathways of the Human Brain Tonotopic Mapping in the Cat Inferior Colliculus Tonotopic Organization of Auditory Cortical Regions in Three Species of Mammals Long-Term Retention of a Trained Shift in Tuning of an Auditory Receptive Field Congenital amusia (tone deafness) • Impaired music perception affecting approximately 4% of individuals • A deficit in processing musical pitch but not musical time • Genetically transmitted • Compare families with amusic individuals to control families • About one third of first-degree relatives In amusic families share the impairment compared to only a few percent for the control families • Genes do not directly control cognitive functions such as music perception • Genes responsible for congenital amusia influence brain development. Figure 9.18 Structures of the Vestibular System Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the Brainstem • Nerve fibers from vestibular receptors synapse in • the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem • some fibers go directly to the cerebellum. • The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) allows you to gaze at a fixed point while the head moves. The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex