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By John Collector
(Pg. 52-53 of Blue Book)
6.5.1-
-The nervous system
consists of the central
nervous system (CNS)
and peripheral nerves,
and is composed of
cells called neurons
that can carry rapid
electrical impulses.
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*Note: The central nervous system consists of the brain
and spinal chord. The peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves that connect all parts of the body to the
central nervous system.
6.5.2- Draw and label a diagram
of the structure of a motor
neuron.
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Note: Wow! Cool!
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6.5.3-
- (State that) nerve
impulses are conducted
from receptors to the
CNS by sensory
neurons, within the
CNS by relay neurons,
and from the CNS to
effectors by motor
neurons.
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Note: This man is extremely nervous
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6.5.4Define
- Resting potential (depolarization): The membrane
potential that would be maintained if there were no
action potentials (no voltage-gated channels),
synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the
membrane potential.
- Action Potential (polarization): A pulse-like wave of
voltage that travels along several types of cell
membranes.
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6.5.5-Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a nonmyelinated neuron:
-In non-myelinated axons, the nerve impulse is
going to be produced when the action potential
accross a membrane makes a wave of
depolarization followed by a wave of
repolarization. With the absence of the myelin,
the impulse is transmitted continuously
throughout the membrane.
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6.5.6- Explain the principles of
synaptic transmission.
- Answer on next slide…
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Step 1. The neurotransmitter is
manufactured by the neuron and stored in
vesicles at the axon terminal.
Step 2. When the action potential
reaches the axon terminal, itﾊ
causes the vesicles to release
the neurotransmitter molecules
into the synaptic cleft.
Step 3. The neurotransmitter
diffuses across the cleft and bindsﾊ
to receptors on the post-synaptic
cell.Step 4. The activated receptors
cause changes in the activity of the
post-synaptic neuron.
Continued…
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Step 5. The
neurotransmitter
moleculesﾊare
released from the
receptors and diffuse
back into the
synaptic cleft.
Step 6. The
Neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the post
synaptic neuron. This
process is known as
Reuptake.
6.5.7- (State that) the endocrine
system consists of glands that
release hormones that are
transported in the blood.
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Note: This was
necessary
6.5.8- (State that) homeostasis involves maintaining the
internal environment between limits, including
blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood
glucose concentration, body temperature, and
water balance.
- The internal
environment
consists of blood
and tissue fluid.
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Note: When it comes to
homeostasis, this man knows it
all.
6.5.9- Homeostasis involves monitoring levels
of variables and correcting changes in
levels by negative feedback
mechanisms.
- Another way of thinking about it: Your body
has mechanisms which execute functions to
maintain the equilibrium of levels such as
body temp. and blood glucose level.
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6.5.10- Explain the control of body temperature,
including the transfer of heat in blood, and the
roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glandes, skin
arterioles, and shivering.
Responses to chilling
-Skin arterioles become narrower and
they bring less blood. The blood
capillaries in the skin do not move, but
less blood flows through them. The
temperature of the skin falls, so less heat
is lost from it to the environment.
-Skeletal muscles do many small rapid
contractions to generate heat. This is
called shivering.
-Sweat glands do not secrete sweat and
the skin remains dry.
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Responses to overheating
-Skin arterioles become wider, so more blood flows
through the skin. This blood transfers heat from the
core of the body to the skin. The temperature of the
skin rises, so more heat is lost from it to the
environment.
-Skeletal muscles remain relaxed and resting, so
that they do not generate heat.
-Sweat glands secrete large amounts of sweat
making the surface of the skin damp. Water
evaporates from the damp skin and this has a
cooling effect.
6.5.11- Explain the control of blood glucose
concentration, including the roles of glucagon,
insulin, and alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic
islets.
Responses to high blood glucose levels
Responses to low blood glucose levels
-Beta cells in the pancreatic islets
produce insulin.
-Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets produce
glucagon.
-Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle to
absorb glucose from the blood and
convert it to glycogen. Granules of
glycogen are stored in the cytoplasm of
theses cells. Other cells are stimulated
to absorb glucose and use it in cell
respiration instead of fat. These
processes lower the blood glucose level.
glucagon stimulates liver cells to break glycogen
down into glucose and release the glucose into the
blood. This raises the blood glucose level.
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6.5.12- Distinguish between
type I and type II
diabetes.
Type 1- Type 1 diabetes is an
autoimmune disease that results in
the permanent destruction of insulin
producing beta cells of the pancreas.
Type 1 is lethal unless treatment
with exogenous insulin via injections
replaces the missing hormone.
Type 2-a metabolic disorder that is
primarily characterized by insulin
resistance, relative insulin deficiency
and hyperglycemia. It is often
managed by engaging in exercise
and modifying one's diet.
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