Download REVIEW GAME Final Exam PART I

PART I:
Neurons and the
Nerve Impulse
Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron
below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron
below.
A. dendrites
B. nucleus
C. cell body
D. axon
E. axon endings
F. nodes of Ranvier
G. Schwann cells/myelin sheath
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the
NAME of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides
the described FUNCTION.
The ___________ of a neuron contains the DNA and is the
“control center” of the cell.
The ___________ of a neuron contains the nucleus and
most of the cellular organelles.
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the
NAME of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides
the described FUNCTION.
The nucleus of a neuron contains the DNA and is the
“control center” of the cell.
The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus and most of
the cellular organelles.
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below with the NAME
of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides the
described FUNCTION.
Signals “come in” to the neuron through the ________, and
travel “out” of the neuron along the ________, at the end
of which the __________ contact the next neuron in the
communication chain.
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below with the NAME
of the STRUCTURE of a NEURON that provides the
described FUNCTION.
Signals “come in” to the neuron through the dendrites, and
travel “out” of the neuron along the axon, at the end of
which the axon endings contact the next neuron in the
communication chain.
Neurotransmitters are contained in _____ that are located
in the _____ of a neuron.
A. vesicles; axon endings
B. axon endings; dendrites
C. calcium ions (Ca2+); synapses
D. cell membranes; synaptic gaps
Neurotransmitters are contained in _____ that are located
in the _____ of a neuron.
A. vesicles; axon endings
B. axon endings; dendrites
C. calcium ions (Ca2+); synapses
D. cell membranes; synaptic gaps
Neurotransmitters are _______ that travel across a ________
to another neuron.
a. electrical signals; receptor
b. electrical signals; synapse
c. chemical signals; receptor
d. chemical signals; synapse
Neurotransmitters are _______ that travel across a ________
to another neuron.
a. electrical signals; receptor
b. electrical signals; synapse
c. chemical signals; receptor
d. chemical signals; synapse
Generally, neural impulses travel:
A.electrically between and within each neuron
B.chemically between and within each neuron.
C.electrically between neurons and chemically within each
neuron.
D.chemically between neurons and electrically within each
neuron.
Generally, neural impulses travel:
A.electrically between and within each neuron
B.chemically between and within each neuron.
C.electrically between neurons and chemically within each
neuron.
D.chemically between neurons and electrically within each
neuron.
The ELECTRICAL SIGNAL of neurons is an action potential
which travels WITHIN a single neuron from the dendrite
and out along the axon. At the axon endings, this action
potential activates the release of neurotransmitters, which
are CHEMICAL SIGNALS, into the synapse BETWEEN two
neurons.
Which of the following types of molecules are the major
structural components of the cell membrane?
a) phospholipids and cellulose
b) nucleic acids and proteins
c) phospholipids and proteins
d) proteins and cellulose
Which of the following types of molecules are the major
structural components of the cell membrane?
a) phospholipids and cellulose
b) nucleic acids and proteins
c) phospholipids and proteins
d) proteins and cellulose
Plasma membranes are “selectively permeable”. This
statement means that
a) No substances can enter or exit the cell through the
plasma membrane.
b) The plasma membrane allows some substances to enter
or exit a cell more easily than others.
c) All substances are able to enter or exit the cell through
the plasma membrane.
d) It is random chance whether a molecule can or cannot
enter or exit the cell through the plasma membrane.
Plasma membranes are “selectively permeable”. This
statement means that
a) No substances can enter or exit the cell through the
plasma membrane.
b) The plasma membrane allows some substances to enter
or exit a cell more easily than others.
c) All substances are able to enter or exit the cell through
the plasma membrane.
d) It is random chance whether a molecule can or cannot
enter or exit the cell through the plasma membrane.
What kinds of molecules pass through the cell membrane
most easily?
a)ions
b)small and hydrophobic
c)large and hydrophobic
d)small and polar
e)large and polar
What kinds of molecules pass through the cell membrane
most easily?
a)ions
b)small and hydrophobic
c)large and hydrophobic
d)small and polar
e)large and polar
For each of following molecules, indicate whether it CAN or
CANNOT pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma
membrane by simple diffusion.
2. Then, for EACH molecule EXPLAIN WHY it can or cannot pass
through based upon the SIZE and CHARGE characteristics of the
molecule.
A. CO2:
B. O2:
C. H2O:
D. C6H12O6:
E. K+ :
1.
:
Ca2+ :
F. Na+
G.
For each of following molecules, indicate whether it CAN or
CANNOT pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma
membrane by simple diffusion.
2. Then, for EACH molecule EXPLAIN WHY it can or cannot pass
through based upon the SIZE and CHARGE characteristics of the
molecule.
A. CO2: YES! It CAN! It’s both SMALL and NONPOLAR (hydrophobic)!
B. O2: YES! It CAN! It’s both SMALL and NONPOLAR (hydrophobic)!
C. H2O: WATER!!! NO! It CANNOT! Yes, it’s SMALL, but it is POLAR (hydrophilic)!
D. C6H12O6: GLUCOSE!!! NO! It CANNOT! It’s both LARGE and POLAR (hydrophilic)!
E. K+: NO! It CANNOT! Yes, it’s SMALL, but it is an ION with a CHARGE (hydrophilic)!
1.
F. Na+:
NO! It CANNOT! Yes, it’s SMALL, but it is an ION with a CHARGE (hydrophilic)!
G. Ca2+:
NO! It CANNOT! Yes, it’s SMALL, but it is an ION with a CHARGE (hydrophilic)!
Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is FALSE?
a) Diffusion is a result of the thermal energy of atoms and
molecules.
b) Diffusion requires no input of energy into the system.
c) Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they
are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated.
d) Diffusion occurs even after equilibrium is reached and no net
change is apparent.
Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is FALSE?
a) Diffusion is a result of the thermal energy of atoms and
molecules.
b) Diffusion requires no input of energy into the system.
c) Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they
are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated.
d) Diffusion occurs even after equilibrium is reached and no net
change is apparent.
Statement c above is FALSE: In reality diffusion occurs
when particles spread from areas where they are MORE
concentrated to areas where they are LESS concentrated, in
other words from HIGH to LOW concentration.
Water moves in and out of cells by the process of
a)Passive diffusion
b)Osmosis
c)Active transport
d)Phagocytosis
Water moves in and out of cells by the process of
a)Passive diffusion
b)Osmosis
c)Active transport
d)Phagocytosis
When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration
are placed on either side of a semi-permeable membrane and
osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will
a) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower free water
concentration.
b) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher free water
concentration.
c) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute
concentration.
d) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the
membrane.
When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration
are placed on either side of a semi-permeable membrane and
osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will
a) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower free water
concentration.
b) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher free water
concentration.
c) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute
concentration.
d) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the
membrane.
The diagram to the right represents a plant cell in
distilled water as seen with a compound light microscope.
Which diagram below best represents the appearance
of that cell after it has been placed in a 15% salt solution
for two minutes?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
The diagram to the right represents a plant cell in
distilled water as seen with a compound light microscope.
Which diagram below best represents the appearance
of that cell after it has been placed in a 15% salt solution
for two minutes? This is a high salt concentration solution,
therefore a hypertonic solution. Water will move OUT of the cell,
causing it to shrink within its plasma membrane, but the cell wall (a
rigid structure) will maintain it’s shape, a situation shown in (3) below.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Which of the following statements regarding active transport is
FALSE?
a) Active transport uses ATP as an energy source.
b) Active transport can move a solute against its concentration
gradient.
c) Active transport requires the cell to expend energy.
d) Active transport is driven by the potential energy represented
by a concentration gradient.
Which of the following statements regarding active transport is
FALSE?
a) Active transport uses ATP as an energy source.
b) Active transport can move a solute against its concentration
gradient.
c) Active transport requires the cell to expend energy.
d) Active transport is driven by the potential energy represented
by a concentration gradient.
ATP is an energy source that drives active transport, active
transport can move a solute against its concentration gradient
(meaning move it from LOW to HIGH concentration), and
requires the cell to expend energy (usually in the form of ATP).
Only d is FALSE.
Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump
(SHOWN BELOW) is FALSE?
a) Sodium ions in the cytoplasm and an ATP molecule bind to the carrier
protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
b) ATP is broken down into ADP and potassium to supply the energy.
c) The carrier protein changes shape as it transports ions from the cytoplasm
to the extracellular fluid.
d) The ions from inside the cell are transported across the cell membrane.
e) The ions are then released into the extracellular fluid outside the cell.
Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump
(SHOWN BELOW) is FALSE?
a) Sodium ions in the cytoplasm and an ATP molecule bind to the carrier
protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
b) ATP is broken down into ADP and potassium to supply the energy.
c) The carrier protein changes shape as it transports ions from the cytoplasm
to the extracellular fluid.
d) The ions from inside the cell are transported across the cell membrane.
e) The ions are then released into the extracellular fluid outside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump (SHOWN BELOW) functions to move
a)2 sodium ions out of the cell and 3 potassium ions into the cell.
b)2 sodium ions into of the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell.
c)3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
d)3 sodium ions into of the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump (SHOWN BELOW) functions to move
a)2 sodium ions out of the cell and 3 potassium ions into the cell.
b)2 sodium ions into of the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell.
c)3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
d)3 sodium ions into of the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell.
The function of the sodium-potassium establishes two concentration
gradients across the plasma membrane of neuron, such that sodium ion
concentration is high ________ the cell and potassium ion
concentration is high ________ the cell.
a)inside; inside
b)inside; outside
c)outside; inside
d)outside; outside
The function of the sodium-potassium establishes two concentration
gradients across the plasma membrane of neuron, such that sodium ion
concentration is high ________ the cell and potassium ion
concentration is high ________ the cell.
a)inside; inside
b)inside; outside
c)outside; inside
d)outside; outside
The function of the sodium-potassium establishes the resting
membrane potential of a neuron , in which the outside of the cell has
a _______ charge, and the inside of the cell has a ______ charge.
a.positive; positive
b.positive; negative
c.negative; positive
d.negative; negative
The function of the sodium-potassium establishes the resting
membrane potential of a neuron , in which the outside of the cell has
a _______ charge, and the inside of the cell has a ______ charge.
a.positive; positive
b.positive; negative
c.negative; positive
d.negative; negative
Identify each of the labeled phases
of an action potential of a neuron
as shown in the graph to the right.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Identify each of the labeled phases
of an action potential of a neuron
as shown in the graph to the right.
A. Resting Membrane Potential
B. Depolarization
C. Repolarization
D. Hyperpolarization or “Undershoot”
E. Threshold
The part of the curve labeled “A” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “A” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “B” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “B” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “C” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “C” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “D” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The part of the curve labeled “D” is
MOST DIRECTLY the result of the
activity of
a)the sodium-potassium pump.
b)voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c)ligand-gated ion channels.
d)voltage-gated K+ channels.
e)voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Which of the following statements
about is TRUE about the phase of
the curve labeled “B”?
a)The cell membrane of the neuron is becoming repolarized.
b)K+ ions are moving out of the cell as voltage-gated K+-channels open.
c)Na+ ions are moving into the cell as voltage-gated Na+-channels open.
d)The sodium-potassium pump stops functioning because the carrier
protein becomes denatured.
e)None of the above.
Which of the following statements
about is TRUE about the phase of
the curve labeled “B”?
a)The cell membrane of the neuron is becoming repolarized.
b)K+ ions are moving out of the cell as voltage-gated K+-channels open.
c)Na+ ions are moving into the cell as voltage-gated Na+-channels open.
d)The sodium-potassium pump stops functioning because the carrier
protein becomes denatured.
e)None of the above.
Which of the following statements
about is TRUE about the phase of
the curve labeled “C”?
a)The cell membrane of the neuron is becoming repolarized.
b)K+ ions are moving out of the cell as voltage-gated K+-channels open.
c)Most of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed.
d)The outside of the cell membrane now has a positive charge (+) while
the inside has a negative charge (-)
e)All of the above.
Which of the following statements
about is TRUE about the phase of
the curve labeled “C”?
a)The cell membrane of the neuron is becoming repolarized.
b)K+ ions are moving out of the cell as voltage-gated K+-channels open.
c)Most of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed.
d)The outside of the cell membrane now has a positive charge (+) while
the inside has a negative charge (-)
e)All of the above.
Once an action potential has been
fired, the neuron cannot fire
again until:
a)the resting membrane potential has been restored.
b)the rising phase of the action potential has reached its peak.
c)the reuptake of neurotransmitters has been blocked.
d)the direction of the nerve impulse within the axon has been reversed.
Once an action potential has been
fired, the neuron cannot fire
again until:
a)the resting membrane potential has been restored.
b)the rising phase of the action potential has reached its peak.
c)the reuptake of neurotransmitters has been blocked.
d)the direction of the nerve impulse within the axon has been reversed.
The chemical signaling of neurons, provided by the action of
neurotransmitters, is depicted in the figure below.
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the presynaptic side of a neuromuscular junction.
1. Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic cell via voltage-gated calcium
channels.
2. An action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic axon terminal.
3. Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 2, 1
E) 3, 1, 2
The chemical signaling of neurons, provided by the action of
neurotransmitters, is depicted in the figure below.
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the presynaptic side of a neuromuscular junction.
1. Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic cell via voltage-gated calcium
channels.
2. An action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic axon terminal.
3. Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 2, 1
E) 3, 1, 2
The chemical signaling of neurons, provided by the action of
neurotransmitters, is depicted in the figure below.
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the post-synaptic
side of a excitatory synapse.
1. The neurotransmitter binds to its matching, specific ligand-gated ion-channel on
the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
2. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic neuron’s axon
3. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
4. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 4, 2, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 3, 2
E) 3, 1, 2, 4
The chemical signaling of neurons, provided by the action of
neurotransmitters, is depicted in the figure below.
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the post-synaptic
side of a excitatory synapse.
1. The neurotransmitter binds to its matching, specific ligand-gated ion-channel on
the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
2. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic neuron’s axon
3. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
4. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 4, 2, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 3, 2
E) 3, 1, 2, 4
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER!!!!
List the following in order of their occurrence:
A. An action potential travels along axon of the pre-synaptic neuron.
B. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic neuron’s axon.
C. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic gap and binds with its matching
ligand-gated ion channel on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
D. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
E. Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic cell via voltage-gated calcium channels.
F. The action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic axon endings.
G. Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.
H. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER!!!!
List the following in order of their occurrence:
A. An action potential travels along axon of the pre-synaptic neuron.
B. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic neuron’s axon.
C. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic gap and binds with its matching
ligand-gated ion channel on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
D. Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
E. Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic cell via voltage-gated calcium channels.
F. The action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic axon endings.
G. Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.
H. Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
A,F,E,G,C,D,H,B
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER!!!!
OR, REARRANGING THEM TO BE IN ORDER….
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
An action potential travels along axon of the pre-synaptic neuron.
The action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic axon endings.
Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic cell via voltage-gated calcium channels.
Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.
The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic gap and binds with its matching
ligand-gated ion channel on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
Sodium ions move into the post-synaptic cell.
Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic neuron’s axon.
The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a
postsynaptic neuron are reabsorbed by a pre-synaptic neuron so they
can be recycled and used again.
A. axon terminals
B. synaptic transmission
C. reuptake
D. diffusion
The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a
postsynaptic neuron are reabsorbed by a pre-synaptic neuron so they
can be recycled and used again.
A. axon terminals
B. synaptic transmission
C. reuptake
D. diffusion
Which of the following mechanisms can serve to remove
neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A)Reuptake by the axon terminus of the pre-synaptic cell
B)Breakdown by enzymes
C)Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
D)All of the above
Which of the following mechanisms can serve to remove
neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A)Reuptake by the axon terminus of the pre-synaptic cell
B)Breakdown by enzymes
C)Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
D)All of the above