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Chapter 10 - Protein Synthesis http://www.oconee.k12.sc.us/webpages/tstanton/imageGallery/Protein%20Synthesis%20Diagram.jpg Chapter 10 Vocabulary List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Anticodon Codon Gene expression Genetic code Messenger RNA Point mutation Intron Exon promoter 10. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 11. Ribosomal RNA 12. Transcription 13. Transfer RNA 14. Translation 15. Polypeptide 16. Frameshift mutation 17. Mutagen Don’t lose your DNA!! Proteins are Made by Decoding the Information Stored in DNA A. Transcription 1. Copying DNA into RNA B. Translation 1. Converting message from nucleic acid to amino acid C. Transcription + Translation = Gene Expression RNA – Ribonucleic Acid A. Single-Stranded 1. DNA is double-stranded B. 5-Carbon sugar – ribose 1. DNA uses Deoxyribose C. Thymine is replaced by Uracil D. 3 types of RNA: 1. messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/mRNA-colored.gif Transcription (TX) http://www.studydroid.com/imageCards/01/eq/card-1534191-back.jpg A. The transfer of the protein blueprint from DNA into RNA 1. DNA is too large and valuable to let out of the nucleus i. It is the primary computer code for the cell 2. RNA is a portable copy i. It is like the copy of a song for your I-Pod B. Tx is transcribing or copying the message carried on the DNA C. Tx occurs in the nucleus Translation (TL) A. Using the instructions in RNA to put together amino acids to make protein B.TL occurs in the cytoplasm on Ribosomes C. TL is also called Protein Synthesis Review Questions 1. What is Transcription? 2. What is Translation? 3. What is Gene Expression? 4. How many different types of RNA are there? 5. What are they? 6. How does RNA differ from DNA? Transcription Transfers Information from DNA to RNA A. RNA Polymerase – an enzyme 1. Unwinds DNA and adds nucleotides to make RNA 2. Promoters- RNA polymerase only binds to regions of DNA with specific sequences. A = adenine T = thymine G = guanine C = cytosine U = uracil B. RNA is made following same basepairing rules as for DNA replication 1. Thymine is replaced by Uracil 2. A – U and G – C http://www.idigitalmotion.com/portfolio.htm Introns and Exons A. Genes are made up of coding and noncoding sequence B. Introns – noncoding 1. DNA that does not code for protein sequence C. Exons – coding 1. DNA that encodes protein D. After Tx, Introns are removed and Exons are joined together The Genetic Code is Written in 3-Nucleotide “Words” on mRNA A. mRNA 1. Carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 2. A portable copy of the DNA B. Codons 1. 3-Nucleotide sequences that codes for a single amino acid http://image.slidesharecdn.com/rna-protein-synthesis-141203111238-conversion-gate01/95/rnaproteinsynthesis-13-638.jpg?cb=1417605207 The Genetic Code A. 64 mRNA codons are possible 1. Four nucleotides in 3-letter combinations 2. 43 (4 cubed) B. There are only 20 amino acids 1. In some cases, several codons code for the same amino acid C. Some codons are “start” and “stop” codons The Genetic Code Third letter http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/code.gif Review Questions 7. What enzyme makes RNA? 8. What type of RNA does it make? 9. After Tx, are Introns or Exons removed from the mRNA? 10. What do you call the 3-Nucleotide sequences that code for an amino acid? 11. How many codons are there? Translation – Transfer RNA A. tRNA 1. Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation B. Anticodons on tRNA 1. Complementary to the codons on the mRNA Translation – Ribosomal RNA A. rRNA – the third type of RNA B. rRNA makes up much of the structure of the Ribosomes C. Ribosomes are the assembly line in the factory where protein “robots” are made ttp://www.frontiers-in-genetics.org/page.php?id=protein-synthesis_en Translation A. Step I: the ribosome reads codons on mRNA B. Step II: the 1st tRNA brings the 1st amino acid C. Step III: a tRNA brings the next amino acid III D. Step IV: the two amino acids are connected and the empty tRNA leaves E. Step V: steps III & IV are repeated until a stop codon is reached IV V http://biologyteksbylauryncarter.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/6/1/26614318/6182195_orig.jpg Translation F. When a stop codon is reached, the new protein is released from the Ribosome G. The order of amino acids in a protein is called the protein or amino acid sequence http://images.slideplayer.com/1/3615/slides/slide_25.jpg Gene Expression Translation Let’s Watch a Movie: http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf Transcription & Translation Movie: Review Questions 12. What types of RNA are associated with ribosomes? 13. What do you call the 3-Nucleotide sequences on tRNAs that recognize codons? 14. What cellular machine reads the message on an mRNA and makes protein? 15. What are the steps of Translation? Mutations A. Alterations in the DNA sequence that change amino acid sequence are called Mutations B. Mutations that change 1 or a few nucleotides are called Point Mutations C. There are several types of Point Mutations 1. Substitutions 2. Insertions 3. Deletions http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/graphics/Mutation.04.GIF Frameshift Mutation: a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code. Which of these 3 mutations is a frameshift mutation? Point Mutations – Substitution A. One nucleotide is replaced (substituted for) by another B. Sickle-cell Anemia is caused by a substitution mutation in the gene for Hemoglobin 1. A is substituted for T 2. Valine is substituted for Glutamic Acid http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/biology/genetics_adaptation/mutations1_rev.shtml Point Mutations – Insertion A. A new nucleotide is added B. This changes the sequence of all the amino acids following the insertion C. The altered protein may be shorter or longer, and may not function http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/dynamicImages/understandGenetics/mutations_and_disorders/Insertion.jpg Point Mutations – Deletion A. One nucleotide is lost B. This changes the sequence of all the amino acids following the insertion C. The altered protein may be shorter or longer, and may not function http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/protein/10-mutation/point_deletion/point_deletion.gif Sometimes Substitutions have little or no Effect A. UCU to UGC or UCA – all code for Serine 1. No amino acid change 2. Conservative substitutions B. UCU to ACU or GCU – code for different amino acids 1. The amino acid will change 2. These are substitution mutations Do not Confuse Point Mutations with Chromosomal Mutations! A. Chromosomal mutations are Large pieces of DNA B. Point mutation- a change in a single Nucleotide of DNA http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/causes/mutation/f_q02mutation.jpg Genetic Disease Review protein Sickle Cell Anemia Phenylketonuria Tay-Sachs Disease Cystic Fibrosis Huntington’s Disease Hemophilia Hemoglobin Phenylalanine Hydroxylase genetics mutation recessive substitution CFTR recessive multiple types multiple types deletion Huntingtin dominant insertion Clotting Factor recessive multiple types recessive Hexosaminidase recessive (sex-linked) Review Questions 16. What is a Point Mutation? 17. What is a: a. Substitution mutation? b. Insertion mutation? c. Deletion mutation? 18. Will a mutation always produce a mutant protein? 19. What are some mutagenic agents?