* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Pair rule genes also encode TFs
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in learning and memory wikipedia , lookup
Pathogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Long non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Essential gene wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Mir-92 microRNA precursor family wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Gap genes also encode TFs They regulate each other’s txn: Ex: Hb represses txn of Kr, helping to refine anterior boundary of Kr expression. They also regulate txn of other genes: Ex: Pair Rule genes: Each is expressed in 7 stripes. Pair rule genes also encode TFs They regulate each others’ txn. Also regulate txn of Segment Polarity genes: Each is expressed in 14 stripes along A-P axis. Some encode TFs. Others encode proteins involved in cell-cell communication. (Growth Factor) Drosophila embryogenesis 3h Cellular blastoderm Anterior pole cells (germ line) Posterior 10 h Segmented embryo 22 h 1st instar larva TFs Divide the embryo into segments TFs TFs Cell-cell communication Regulate txn of homeotic genes Homeotic genes = Selector genes Selector Gene Model Selector Genes (master control genes) Effector Genes Antp Scr T2 T1 T3 A8 Ubx AbdB Homeotic Phenotypes Development of an inappropriate body part in place of the correct body part. Ubx WT T1 T2 T3 T3 Effector Genes Ubx Ubx- Antp off in T3 cells Antp on in T3 cells Ubx mutant WT Antp incorrectly expressed in head antenna T2 legs Two clusters of Drosophila homeotic genes: Antennapedia-complex (ANT-C) Bithorax-complex (BX-C) Hox genes Mouse Hox gene expression Hoxc-8 mutant L1 = 1st lumbar vertebra WT: L1 does not have ribs Hoxc-8- mutant: L1 develops like a more anterior vertebra (homeotic phenotype) Hoxc-8- mutants are viable and have additional phenotypes Maintenance of Homeotic Genes Expression Patterns Trithorax-group: Maintain homeotic genes in ON state. Maintain active chromatin structure. Polycomb-group: Maintain transcriptional SILENCE of homeotic genes. Maintain repressive chromatin structure. Both involve covalent modifications of histones. (Acetylation/Deacetylation & Methylation) Collectively, help to maintain determined states of cells. Clones = Genetically identical individuals Two Kinds of Animal Cloning Reproductive Cloning: Remove nucleus from egg cell. Replace it with nucleus from somatic cell (e.g., skin cell). Stimulate cell to divide (like a fertilized egg). Implant embryo into surrogate mother. Therapeutic Cloning (Nuclear Transplantation): Start the same, but stop development at blastocyst stage. Remove inner cell mass cells and use to create embryonic stem cell line.