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Transcript
Chromosomes, Genes, and Mutations What are chromosomes? • Chromosomes are packages of tightly-coiled (condensed) DNA • Each chromosome is tightly coiled around proteins called histones What are chromosomes? Each human has 23 sets (pairs) of chromosomes, or 46 total chromosomes What are genes? • A molecular unit of heredity • The name for sections of DNA (and therefore RNA) that code for a specific protein (which has a specific function in the organism) What are genes? Since genes are bands/sections of DNA, that means genes are also bands/sections of chromosomes How are genes inherited? • Each person has two copies of each gene – one on each chromosome • You inherit one chromosome from your mom, and one chromosome from your dad How are genes mutated? • Genes can be mutated when the DNA is mutated or when the chromosomes are mutated • There are two types of DNA (gene) mutations: • Point Mutations: a change in a single base pair • Frameshift Mutations: a single base is added or deleted from DNA • Chromosomes can be mutated as well (long segments of DNA)… What are examples of chromosomal mutations? • Deletions: part of the chromosome is left out What are examples of chromosomal mutations? • Inversions: part breaks out and reinserts itself backwards What are examples of chromosomal mutations? • Translocations: part breaks off and is added into a different chromosome What are examples of chromosomal mutations? • Non-Disjunction: failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis What causes chromosomal mutations? • Problems that occur during meiosis What causes chromosomal mutations? • Environmental agents (x-rays, UV light, radioactivity) What are the results of chromosomal mutations? • If it occurs in gametes (sex) cells: • Can cause birth defects, miscarriage, or no change • Few are passed on to next generation because zygote usually dies • If it occurs in somatic (body) cells: • Can lead to cancer • Can have no change
