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Evolution of Genomes and Developmental Mechanisms Chapter 24 1 Comparative Genomics • Chimpanzee – Humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor about 5 mya. share about 98.7% of genes 2 Origins of Genomic Differences • Genome changes arise in at least six ways. – mutation of a single gene – regions of DNA duplicate – large chunks of chromosomes rearrange – individual chromosomes duplicate – whole genomes duplicate or combine to create polyploids – integration of foreign DNA 3 Polyploidization • There is growing evidence that duplication of fewer genes in organisms has been a major contributor to morphological diversity. – Polyploidy can result from either genome duplication in one species or from hybridization of two different species. 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Haploid Diploid Polyploid 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploid: 2 x 7 Triticum monococcum (2n = 14) AA Diploid: 2 x 7 Triticum searsii (2n = 14) BB Sterile hybrid (1n = 14) AB Chromosome doubling 6 Lateral Gene Transfer • Phylogenies are built on the assumption that genes are passed from generation to generation (vertical gene transfer). – Hitchhiking genes from other species lead to phylogenetic complexity referred to as lateral gene transfer. 7 Evolution of Development • Genes with similar sequences in two different species may work in different ways. – regulatory gene may turn on different sets of genes in different organisms – changing time of gene expression can also result in dramatic changes in shape – Convergent function recruitment of existing regulatory programs for new functions 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Development of free-swimming larva Eggs brooded by female Pluteus larva (plankton) Direct development into adult Metamorphosis and settlement to sea-floor Egg and sperm released Adult (Benthic) 9