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Download Matrix: Citric Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation Mitochondrion A
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Cellular Respiration Part 2 Producing ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy from Macromolecules Releasing Energy From Glucose Glucose (6C) Glycolysis Energy Released ATP e- Carriers 2 X Pyruvate (3C) Cytoplasm O2 present 2 CO2 Energy Released Mitochondrion e- Carriers 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) e- eATP e- Citric Acid Cycle 4 CO2 e- Carriers ATP H2O 2 H+ ½ O2 Locations of Cellular Respiration Components a Mitochondrion b Outer Membrane A Crista Inner Membrane: Has ATP Synthase Electron Transport Chain Intermembrane Compartment H+ accumulates Matrix: Citric Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Oxidation Sequence of Electron Carriers FADH2 donates electrons to Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) NADH donates electrons to Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) The poison cyanide prevents transfer of electrons to oxygen Cytochromes are electron carriers with a heme prosthetic group Protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space Formation of H+ Gradient Flow of protons through ATP synthase powers ATP production The poison arsenic prevents the buildup of the H+ gradient The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to H+, which can only pass through the ATP synthase ATP Synthase H+ ions cause the rotor of ATP synthase to spin The internal rod also spins as a result of rotor movement Sites in the catalytic knob are activated to catalyze ATP production Oxidative Phosphorylation • Production of ATP as a result of electron transfer through carriers in the Electron Transport Chain – Electrons pass through a set of membrane-associated carriers by a series of redox reactions – Energy from electron transport powers the active transport of H+ to the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion, building a concentration gradient – Chemiosmosis: Diffusion of hydrogen ions (H+) through the differentially permeable inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in ATP production • H+ can only cross the membrane into the mitochondrial matrix through the pores of an ATP-synthesizing enzyme • Movement of H+ through the enzyme provides energy for ATP synthesis Fermentation oxidized e- Carriers Glucose (6C) Glycolysis Fermentation 2 X Pyruvate (3C) X 2 CO O2 present Cytoplasm ATP e- Carriers (in muscle) O2 absent 2 2 X Lactate (3C) e- Carriers when O2 becomes available 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Mitochondrion Citric Acid Cycle 4 CO2 e- Carriers ATP Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Yeasts Some Plants Muscle cells Microorganisms Energy From Macromolecules Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Polysaccharides Glycolysis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) Monosaccharides Disaccharides 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Citric Acid Cycle Energy From Macromolecules Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Triglycerides DAP Glycolysis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Citric Acid Cycle Glycerol Fatty Acids (~5%) multiples of 2C Energy From Macromolecules Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis 2 X Pyruvate (3C) 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Citric Acid Cycle Proteins 3C-amino Other amino acids Acids Anabolic Interconversions Glucose (6C) Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Polysaccharides Glycerol 2 X Pyruvate (3C) Triglycerides 2 X Acetyl-CoA (2C) Citric Acid Cycle Fatty Acids Amino Acids Proteins Regulation of Glycolysis • Phosphofructokinase is – allosterically inhibited by ATP – allosterically activated by ADP or AMP – inhibited by citrate Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle • Isocitrate dehydrogenase – responds to negative feedback from NADH and H+ and ATP – is activated by ADP and NAD+ Regulation of Acetyl-CoA • Entering the Citric Acid Cycle – Citrate synthase (1) is inhibited by ATP or NADH • Use in Fatty Acid Synthesis – Fatty Acid synthase (2) is stimulated by Citrate (2) (1)