Download 8.1 Glycolysis Know the overall reaction: the materials that go in

8.1 Glycolysis
Know the overall reaction: the materials that go in, and the materials that come out.
Isomerization of glucose through an enediol intermediate.
Understand the transformations that occur at each step.
Understand the implications of an irreversible step in glycolysis (control points,
gluconeogenesis).
Understand how the individual reactions in the catalytic cycles that were discussed in class
occur.
Either arrows will be given and you will have to add bonds and charges, or
Starting and ending structures will be given, and you will have to draw arrows.
Understand the roles of the molecules in the active site of the enzymes.
Understand why certain molecules would encourage or inhibit glycolysis.
8.2 Gluconeogenesis
Understand that most of gluconeogenesis is glycolysis run backwards, and that at three
points, other enzymes are used.
Understand how the alternate reactions are made energetically favorable (don’t worry
about the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate)
glucose-6-phosphate + H2O -> glucose + phosphate
vs
glucose-6-phosphate + ADP -> glucose + ATP
backwards
for gluconeogenesis
glycolysis run
8.4 Metabolism of other Important Sugars
Understand how fructose is funneled into glycolysis. Reactions convert the sugars
into glycolytic intermediates.
9.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Be able to recognize red-ox reactions
Be able to recognize relative oxidation states, which carbons are more oxidized or
reduced
9.2 Citric Acid Cycle
Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
Mechanism: If I give you the bonds, you draw the arrows.
If I give you the arrows, you draw the bonds.
Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
Mechanisms: same as above
Be able to identify the steps that produce NADH and CO2 if given the formulas or
structures of the molecules that populate the citric acid cycle
10.1 Electron Transport: Electron Transport and Its Components
Know what each complex does
What goes in and what comes out (pump protons, make UQH2, transfer
electrons from UQH2, or some combination of any of the above)
Why does FAD mediate electron transfer from NADH to the Fe–S complexes
NADH is a 2 e– reducing agent
Do Fe–S complexes work 2 e– at a time?
Does FAD work 2 e– at a time? Does it have to work 2 e– at a time?
10.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
The Chemiosmotic Theory
What is it? H+ concentration gradient drives the formation of ATP
Three lines of evidence to support this theory
ATP Synthesis
Where does ATP synthesis occur?
What makes ATP synthesis possible? (conformation changes in the enzyme)
What causes the conformational changes? (the rotation of the F0 complex)