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Download 8.1 Glycolysis Know the overall reaction: the materials that go in
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8.1 Glycolysis Know the overall reaction: the materials that go in, and the materials that come out. Isomerization of glucose through an enediol intermediate. Understand the transformations that occur at each step. Understand the implications of an irreversible step in glycolysis (control points, gluconeogenesis). Understand how the individual reactions in the catalytic cycles that were discussed in class occur. Either arrows will be given and you will have to add bonds and charges, or Starting and ending structures will be given, and you will have to draw arrows. Understand the roles of the molecules in the active site of the enzymes. Understand why certain molecules would encourage or inhibit glycolysis. 8.2 Gluconeogenesis Understand that most of gluconeogenesis is glycolysis run backwards, and that at three points, other enzymes are used. Understand how the alternate reactions are made energetically favorable (don’t worry about the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate) glucose-6-phosphate + H2O -> glucose + phosphate vs glucose-6-phosphate + ADP -> glucose + ATP backwards for gluconeogenesis glycolysis run 8.4 Metabolism of other Important Sugars Understand how fructose is funneled into glycolysis. Reactions convert the sugars into glycolytic intermediates. 9.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Be able to recognize red-ox reactions Be able to recognize relative oxidation states, which carbons are more oxidized or reduced 9.2 Citric Acid Cycle Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Mechanism: If I give you the bonds, you draw the arrows. If I give you the arrows, you draw the bonds. Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle Mechanisms: same as above Be able to identify the steps that produce NADH and CO2 if given the formulas or structures of the molecules that populate the citric acid cycle 10.1 Electron Transport: Electron Transport and Its Components Know what each complex does What goes in and what comes out (pump protons, make UQH2, transfer electrons from UQH2, or some combination of any of the above) Why does FAD mediate electron transfer from NADH to the Fe–S complexes NADH is a 2 e– reducing agent Do Fe–S complexes work 2 e– at a time? Does FAD work 2 e– at a time? Does it have to work 2 e– at a time? 10.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation The Chemiosmotic Theory What is it? H+ concentration gradient drives the formation of ATP Three lines of evidence to support this theory ATP Synthesis Where does ATP synthesis occur? What makes ATP synthesis possible? (conformation changes in the enzyme) What causes the conformational changes? (the rotation of the F0 complex)