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Topics to Review Cellular and Molecular Biology Biochemistry Inorganic vs. organic (presence of C) Hydrogen Bonds Properties of water Acids and bases/ pH scale/ buffers Functional Groups” Hydroxyl –OH Carbonyl- C=O Sulfhydryl- SH Carboxyl- COOH Amino- NH2 Phosphates- PO4 Biochemistry continued Nutrients Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose) Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose) Lipids 3 fatty acids & glycerol- energy storage, cell membranes, steroids Proteins Hormonal, transport, structural, contractile, antibodies, and enzymes Enzymes- biological catalysts, specificity, temperature, inhibitors Nucleic Acids Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis Glycolysis Glucose (6 C’s) to 2 pyruvate molecules (3 C’s each), net product is 2 ATP Occurs in the cytoplasm Products then go on to aerobic respiration or fermentation Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation Yeast without oxygen, used for making beer and wine Lactic Acid Fermentation Bacteria, fungi, and human muscles, without oxygen Aerobic Respiration Glucose fully burned to produce 36 ATP in the presence of oxygen Glycolysis (2 ATP)occurs in the cytoplasm, then Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria Krebs Cycle aka citric acid cycle- extracts energy from pyruvate to high energy molecules of NADH and FADH (2 ATP) Electron Transport Chain- electrons move against concentration gradient and form ATP with help of ATP synthase (32 ATP) Photosynthesis Light Reactions- occurs in the grana, requires light, produces NADPH and 2 ATP to be used in dark reactions Dark Reactions aka Calvin Cycle or Carbon Fixation- occurs in stroma, does not require light, creates carbohydrates (sugars) that can be used for energy from the products of the light reactions (ATP and NADPH) *Plants do respiration with the sugars that they create in photosynthesis! Cells Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells All chemical reactions of life occur in cells or in association with cells. Cells arise only from preexisting cells. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cell. (We will discuss genetics in the next review session) Cells continued Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Cell Organelles Transport: Diffusion/ Osmosis/ Passive Transport (with concentration gradient) Facilitated Diffusion (with concentration gradient, with the help of carrier proteins) Active Transport (against concentration gradient) Endocytosis/ Exocytosis