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Aerobic Respiration Section 9:2 Overview • Krebs Cycle: In the presence of O2, Pyruvic Acid oxidizes, the reduction of NAD+ to NADH, and FAD to FADH, and a small amount of ATP is made. • Krebs or the ETC. will only occur if, CO2, H2O and O2 are ALL present. Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen Present • Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the cytosol of prokaryotes. • Pyruvic acid, from Glycolysis, diffuses in from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. –The space inside the inner membranes inner compartment outer compartment cytoplasm outer mitochondrial membrane inner mitochondri al membrane (see next slide) Fig. 7.5a, p. 114 Aerobic Respiration – before KC • Pyruvic acid joins with coenzyme A (CoA), no carbons, to form acetyl CoA – 2 carbons • CO2 is lost in this process and NAD is reduced to + NADH and H . Krebs Cycle • A biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2, NADH, FADH, and ATP and Citric acid. • 5 steps to the Krebs cycle Step 1 • The 2-carbon acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound, oxaloacetic acid, to form a 6-carbon molecule, citric acid • This step regenerates coenzyme A PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H O 2 NADH H2O NAD+ malate NAD+ H2O isocitrate NADH fumarate FADH2 FAD a-ketogluterate CoA NAD+ NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA ATP ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) Fig. 7.6, p. 115 Step 2 • Citric acid releases a CO2 and a hydrogen to form a 5-carbon compound + + • NAD accepts an H to become + NADH and H . PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H O 2 NADH H2O NAD+ malate NAD+ H2O isocitrate NADH fumarate FADH2 FAD a-ketogluterate CoA NAD+ NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA ATP ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) Fig. 7.6, p. 115 Step 3 • The 5-carbon compound releases CO2 and H+ to form a 4-carbon compound. + • NAD is reduced again to NADH and One molecules of ATP is made PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H O 2 NADH H2O NAD+ malate NAD+ H2O isocitrate NADH fumarate FADH2 FAD a-ketogluterate CoA NAD+ NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA ATP ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) Fig. 7.6, p. 115 Step 4 • The 4-carbon compound releases hydrogen • The hydrogen forms with + FAD to form FADH2. FAD is another electron acceptor. PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H O 2 NADH H2O NAD+ malate NAD+ H2O isocitrate NADH fumarate FADH2 FAD a-ketogluterate CoA NAD+ NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA ATP ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) Fig. 7.6, p. 115 Step 5 • The 4-carbon compound releases a hydrogen to REFORM oxaloacetic acid + • NAD is reduced again to + NADH and H PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H O 2 NADH H2O NAD+ malate NAD+ H2O isocitrate NADH fumarate FADH2 FAD a-ketogluterate CoA NAD+ NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA ATP ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) Fig. 7.6, p. 115 • Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transport Chain. Krebs Cycle conclusion • Location – Mitochondrial Matrix (space inside the inner membrane) • Function – Produce CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH and Citric Acid. • Reactants – Pyruvic Acid,Acetlyl-CoA, Oxaloacitic Acid, NAD, FAD, ADP and C0enzyme A. • Products – CO2 NADH, FADH, ATP and Citric acid. The Electron Transport Chain in Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration • The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Electron Transport Chain • A chemical reaction that uses high energy electrons made in the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. • Aerobic – means with oxygen • Anaerobic – means without oxygen Electron Transport Chain • ATP is produced when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms, regenerating NAD+ and FAD+. • This occurs along the lining of the inner membranes of the mitochondria. Steps of ETC • 1. Electrons from the hydrogens atoms of NADH and FADH are passed along a series of molecules, losing energy along the way. • 2. This energy pumps protons from the matrix to the other side of the membrane. • This creates a concentration gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. OUTER COMPARTMENT NADH INNER COMPARTMENT Fig. 7.7a, p. 116 • 3. This high proton concentration is what drives chemiosmosis ( ATP production) into the inner membrane. ATP synthase is located in the inner membrane. ATP is made as protons move down their concentration gradient in the mitochondria. Oxygen’s Role • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, accepting electrons from the last molecule in the ETC. • This allows ATP to continue to be synthesized. • Oxygen also accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH. • This combination of electron, hydrogens and oxygen forms WATER!!!!! O2 + e+H- = H2O ATP NADH INNER COMPARTMENT ADP + Pi Fig. 7.7b, p. 116 Energy Yield • Per molecule of glucose, 36 ATP’s are produced. 2 in Glycolysis, and approximately, 4 in Krebs and 30 in ETC. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 1 Pyruvate from cytoplasm enters inner mitochondrial compartment. OUTER COMPARTMENT NADH acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle NADH NADH 3 NADH and FADH2 give up electrons and H+ to membranebound electron transport systems. ATP 2 Krebs cycle and preparatory steps: NAD+ and FADH2 accept electrons and hydrogen stripped ADP from the pyruvate. + Pi ATP forms. Carbon dioxide forms. INNER COMPARTMENT 4 As electrons move through the transport system, H+ is pumped to outer compartment. ATP ATP ATP 5 Oxygen accepts electrons, joins with H+ to form water. free oxygen 6 Following its gradients, H+ flows back into inner compartment, through ATP synthases. The flow drives ATP formation. Fig. 7.5b, p. 114 Krebs Cycle and ETC. • Both the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport chain can not proceed without the presence of • O2 • H2O • CO2 Conclusion of Electron Transport Chain • Location – Lining of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • Function – Produce ATP and water • Reactants – NADH, FADH, ADP and O2. • Products – NAD, FAD, ATP and Water Order of processes in Cellular Respiration. •1. Glycolysis •2. Krebs cycle •3. Electron Transport Chain # of carbon atoms in compounds • • • • • • • • • • CO2 – 1 RuBP – 5 Glucose – 6 Oxaloacitic Acid – 4 Acetyl Co-A – 2 Pyruvic Acid – 3 Citric Acid – 6 Lactic Acid – 3 Ethyl Alcohol – 2 Co-enzyme A - 0 PGA - 3 PGAL - 3