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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 DNA and Genes 2 Genes & Proteins • DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases • These genes code for polypeptides (proteins) • Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells 3 Genes & Proteins, cont. • Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds • 20 different amino acids exist 4 Amino Acid Structure 5 Genes & Proteins, cont. • Amino acid chains are called polypeptides 6 Starting with DNA • DNA is found inside the nucleus • Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes • Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the surface of rough ER 7 Starting with DNA, cont. • DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytosol • In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make proteins • This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 8 RNA 9 Roles of RNA & DNA • DNA is the MASTER PLAN • RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan 10 Roles of RNA & DNA, cont. • RNA has a sugar ribose • DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 11 Roles of RNA & DNA, cont. • • RNA contains the base uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is doublestranded DNA 12 . Three Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes • Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized 13 Messenger RNA • Long chain of nucleotides • Made in the nucleus • Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores • Carries information for a specific protein 14 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • rRNA is a single strand 100 to 3000 nucleotides long • Globular in shape • Made inside the nucleus of a cell • Site of protein Synthesis 15 Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Clover-leaf shape • Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid • Found out in the cytosol 16 Transfer RNA amino acid attachment site U A C 17 The Genetic Code • A codon is a set of three RNA bases • A codon designates a specific amino acid • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 64 possible codons 18 The Genetic Code •Use the code by reading from the center to the outside •Example: AUG codes for Methionine 19 Name the Amino Acids • • • • • GGG? UCA? CAU? GCA? AAA? 20 Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U C-G 21 Transcription and Translation 22 Pathway to Making a Protein DNA mRNA tRNA to ribosomes Protein 23 Protein Synthesis • The production or synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins) • Two phases: Transcription & Translation • mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells 24 DNA RNA Protein Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Protein 25 Transcription • The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA • mRNA copies the template strand • Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase 26 Template Strand 27 Question: • What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ 28 Transcription, cont. • During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands • RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA 29 Transcription, cont. • Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA • Specific base sequences act as signals to stop • Called the termination signal 30 mRNA Transcript •mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes 31 Translation • Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain • Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins 32 Translation, cont. • mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the ribosome mRNA transcript 33 Translation, cont. • As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into attachment sites • Peptide bonds join the amino acids 34 End Product –The Protein! • The ribosome knows the protein is complete when it reaches a stop codon • Protein - a sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds • Protein is released from ribosome out into cytoplasm 35 36