Download You Asked for it…..

Biology REVIEW
Building
Block
Uses
Examples
Test
Carbohydrat Simple
e
sugars
Ready source of
energy
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
•
Protein
•
•
Transport
Speed up
reactions
Immunity
Cell
communication
Enzymes
(-ase)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein
hormones
(insulin)
•
Back up energy
source
In membrane
Fats, oils
•
Leaves oily
spot on brown
paper bag
Store and transmit
genetic info
DNA, RNA
•
DNA stains
(methylene
blue)
Amino
acids
•
•
Lipid
Fatty Acids
•
•
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
•
•
STARCH turns
black in iodine
SUGARS react
with Benedict’s
Solution
Reacts with
Biuret Solution
Turns purple
PROKARYOTIC
•Prokaryotic
cells have
DNA and ribosomes, but
they have no internal
membranes! (They don't
have a nucleus)
•They have ribosomes to
make proteins
•These are the simplest
cells
•Examples are bacteria,
like those that cause
strep throat.
EUKARYOTIC
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus contains DNA
Membrane bound organelles
Ex/ Plant and animal
These cells are more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
Plant: Chloroplast and cell wall, box shape
Animal: no cell wall, chloroplast, small
vacuoles, has lysosomes
•
•
•
•
•
The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY
cell.
It is made of lipid and protein
Phospholipid Bilayer
It controls what goes in and out of a cell.
Associated with HOMEOSTASIS
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active
Transport
Movement from
high to low
concentration
Movement of
water from high to
low WATER
concentration
across a membrane
Movement from
LOW concentration
to HIGH
concentration
No energy required
No energy required
USES ATP
Converts energy in food
(glucose) to ATP
Cellular
Respiration
•Takes place in
mitochondrion
•Releases the energy
stored in glucose
•AKA aerobic respiration
(NEEDS oxygen)
Converts sunlight to chemical energy
•
•
•
•
Requires oxygen
Makes 32-36 ATP
Produces carbon
dioxide and water
Happens in
mitochondrion
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
•Does
not use oxygen
•Makes only 2 ATP
•
•
Also called fermentation
•
•
•
Small amount of ATP
YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS
(w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID
Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)
ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
•
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
•
•
•
A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a
phosphate and one of four bases
In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
DNA’s shape is a double helix
•
•
•
The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN
bonds
A binds to T
C binds with G
•
•
•
Process of DNA copying itself
Steps
• DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
• Each side acts as a template
• New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
• Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new
strand.
Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)
•
•
•
•
•
Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the
nucleus
Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a
protein
In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the
proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.
Made of amino acids
DNA  mRNA  protein
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
• DNA is in nucleus
• GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
• mRNA is made in nucleus
• TRANSCRIPTION
• Remember base pairing rules
• mRNA goes to ribosome
• 3 bases on mRNA is a codon – each codon codes for one amino acid
• tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA
• Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Codon
Anticodon
tRNA
Amino acid
Protein (polypeptide)
•
•
•
Be sure to use
mRNA
You won’t have
to memorize
this!
What amino acid
is coded for by
the DNA
ATA GAG
First convert DNA to mRNA
ATA GAG
UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu