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DNA to Proteins Unraveling DNA * The structure of DNA allows it to hold information * The order of the bases is the code that carries the information * A gene is a string or group of nucleotides that give the cell information on how to make a protein. * Humans have over 30,000 genes Genes Make Proteins • DNA code is read like a book – from one end to the other and in one direction. • Bases form the alphabet of the code • Groups of 3 bases code for an amino acid • A long string of amino acids makes a protein • Each gene is a set of instructions for making a protein Proteins Make YOU! • Proteins are all through cells and make the differences you see in organisms. • Proteins are chemical triggers and messengers for cell processes. • An organism may have thousands for genes that code for thousands of proteins Help from RNA • RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule in all living things and helps make proteins • RNA helps change DNA code into a protein • RNA has one strand. DNA has 2 strands • RNA does not have thymine. It has uracil (U) instead. How to make a Protein • Step 1 – DNA unzips. • Step 2 – RNA makes a copy of one side of the DNA where a gene is located. • This mirror copy of DNA is called messenger RNA or mRNA • This is called transcription What Does the Code Say? • Step 3 – RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm. It is fed through a ribosome The bases on the mRNA strand are matched by another type of RNA called transfer RNA or tRNA. • Every group of 3 bases on mRNA codes for 1 amino acid A Chain of Amino Acids = Protein • Molecules of tRNA deliver amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome and add them to a growing protein. • Usually one protein is produced for each gene Changes in Genes • A mutation is a change in the base code of a gene. • A base can be deleted (left out), inserted (stuck in) or substituted (changed place). • Mutations happen often and can either make no change, an improved trait or a harmful trait. Mutation Examples How Mutations Happen • Mutagens are any substance that can cause a mutation like UV radiation, x rays, or cigarette smoke • Examples of mutations are cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, & hemophilia • If mutations happen in sex cells, then the mutation can be passed on to the next generation.