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Download Chapter 13.1 and 13.2 RNA, Ribosomes, and Protein Synthesis
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Chapter 13.1 and 13.2 RNA, Ribosomes, and Protein Synthesis Remember ribosomes??? Our goal is to learn how proteins are made. Keep in mind – amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. A chain of amino acids are “polypeptides” . Role of RNA • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) like DNA, but the bases direct protein production. • Proteins result in phenotypic traits. • Differences b/t DNA & RNA – RNA sugar ribose not deoxyribose – RNA single strand not 2. – RNA has uracil not thymine RNA molecules make proteins 3 types of RNA • 1. Messenger RNA(mRNA)- carries instructions for polypeptide from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm. mRNA RNA molecules make proteins - 3 types of RNA continued…. • 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – cell structures where proteins are assembled • 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries amino acids to ribosome and matches them to the mRNA message. tRNA mRNA rRNA RNA Synthesis • Making RNA happens in “Transcription” • Segments of DNA are templates to produce RNA. The bases complement each other. • Eukaryotes – happens in nucleus and moves to cytoplasm to produce protein. Steps to Make RNA • 1. The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA during transcription and separates DNA. 1 strand is the template. • 2. RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions of DNA. (START) • RNA is edited. Introns cut out, Exons are left and spliced back together to form mRNA. The Genetic Code • DNA has directions for making polypeptides (aka chain of amino acids). • The order and type of amino acids in the polypeptide determine the protein. • 4 bases – A,C,G,U for uracil • Code is read 3 letters at a time the word is a codon. mRNA bases • Amino acids • Codons (3 letters read in to out) • AUG = Methionine Translation • Ribosomes use the codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids to a polypeptide chain or protein. • Process of decoding mRNA to protein is “Translation”. – mRNA transcribed (transcription) in nucleus goes to cytoplasm. – On ribosome, translation begins at START codon. – Each codon attracts an anticodon aka tRNA – tRNA carries an amino acid. – Amino acids bond and move along the mRNA – Continues until reaches STOP codon and forms polypeptide and mRNA is released. Translation &tRNA - anticodons Molecular Basis of Heredity • Molecular biology tries to explain living organisms using molecules like DNA/RNA • Central dogma of molecular biology is info is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins. • Instructions for making proteins are in the genes. • Gene expression is the way in which DNA, RNA, proteins are involved in putting genetic info into action in living cells. • The genetic code is generally the same in all organisms.