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What makes you look like your parents? Your parents passed down their DNA to you. What’s carried in your DNA that gives you your traits & characteristics? GENES! What is a gene? • A gene is a set of DNA instructions that control the production (synthesis) of proteins within the cell. DNA Protein DNA Protein • So, to express our traits, our cells need to convert DNA into proteins. How do we convert 1 macromolecule into another? Nucleic Acid Protein Converting DNA into Protein • This process, protein synthesis, involves 2 steps: – Transcription – Translation RNA is the link between DNA & protein! • DNA is found in the nucleus of cells, but proteins are built in the cytoplasm. • DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so a copy of the gene is made in the form of a similar nucleic acid called RNA (ribonucleic acid) during transcription. • The RNA leaves the nucleus, attaches to a ribosome & then is used to make a protein during translation. RNA & Protein Synthesis The Central Dogma of Biology DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? • RNA is very similar to DNA: – RNA is a nucleic acid macromolecule. – RNA is made of nucleotides. • Do you remember the 3 parts of a nucleotide? – 1 5-carbon sugar – 1 phosphate group – 1 nitrogenous base DNA vs. RNA • RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. • RNA is single stranded, while DNA is double stranded. DNA vs. RNA • RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. • Both DNA & RNA have adenine, cytosine, & guanine. RNA – 3 Types • Messenger RNA (mRNA): acts as a messenger & carries a copy of the information in DNA to the ribosome where proteins are made RNA – 3 Types • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): found within ribosomes; ribosomes are made of both proteins & rRNA RNA – 3 Types • Transfer RNA (tRNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the protein chain that is being made – There is 1 tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids. The 20 Amino Acids that Build Proteins Why are proteins important? & how do they give us our traits? Each protein has a specific function within living cells. • Can be enzymes, to speed up & regulate chemical reactions • Making pigments that determine flower color in plants • Determine your blood type • Regulate cell growth & development • Lactose is the sugar found in milk (disaccharide). • When your body digests lactose, it gets broken down into glucose & galactose (monosaccharides). • Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose. – Enzymes are proteins! Lactose Intolerance • People who are lactose intolerant have a mutation in the gene that codes for lactase. • Since they don’t produce lactase, they can’t digest lactose. Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Protein • Protein synthesis (making proteins from your genes) occurs in 2 steps: – Transcription – Translation Protein Synthesis – Transcription DNA RNA Protein • Genes carry the instructions to build a protein. • DNA is located in the nucleus, but proteins are built in the cytoplasm. • We need to make a copy of the instructions in the form of RNA (transcription). – RNA can leave the nucleus & take the instructions to the ribosomes. Transcription • The process in which the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA – Occurs in the nucleus – DNA mRNA Protein Transcription – Step 1 • The enzyme RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA in the nucleus & breaks the hydrogen bonds between the 2 strands. Transcription – Step 2 • Using 1 strand of DNA as a template, RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides 1 by 1 & forms the new mRNA strand. Transcription – Step 3 • When transcription is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores & enters the cytoplasm of the cell. DNA is like the “master plan” & mRNA is like the “blueprint”. • The master plan stays in the office (the nucleus) & the blueprint can be taken to the construction site (the ribosome).