* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Protein Synthesis The “Stuff of Life” Proteins • Proteins are the “workhorse” molecule found in organisms. • The blue print for proteins is coded in the DNA of the organism. 2 Uses of Proteins 3 History • 1909 Archibald Gerrod suggested that genes determine phenotype through defective enzymes controlling biochemical pathways. 4 Work of Beadle and Tatum • George Beadle and Edward Tatum established the link between genes and enzymes in studying bread mold, Neurospora crassa. • http://www.dnalc.org/resources/nobel/beadle_tat5 Conclusion • One gene produces one enzyme. • Later it was modified • One gene produces one protein. • One gene produces one polypeptide chain. 6 Overview of Protein Synthesis • DNA is located in the nucleus • Proteins are made in the cytoplasm • RNA is the intermediate between the DNA code and the actual synthesis of a protein 7 Structure of RNA versus DNA 8 Three Main Types of RNA 9 Differences in Protein Synthesis between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes do not have introns like eukaryotes. • RNA in prokaryotes does not have to be processed like eukaryotes. • Transcription and translation can be simultaneous in prokaryotes. 10 Genetic Code • Amino acids are coded for by a triplet of DNA nucleotides called a codon. 11 Genetic Code • Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei determined the first codon for an amino acid. It was found that UUU coded for the amino acid phenylalanine by creating mRNA entirely of uracil. The mRNA (UUU..UUU….) added it to a test tube with amino acids, ribosomes, RNA polymerase and other needed materials. It resulted in a protein made of only phenylalanine. Further research determined the rest of the code. 12 Genetic Code • The code has redundancy (GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG); all code for the amino acid glycine. • Each codon only codes for one amino acid. • The code is a universal code meaning almost all cells use the same code. A eukaryotic gene can be expressed in a prokaryotic cell. 13 Specifying or Coding for a Polypeptide This gene designates that the following peptide chain be made with the amino acids in this particular order. 14 Transcription Overview Transcription-RNA synthesis from a DNA template • Initiation • Elongation • Termination • RNA processing 15 Initiation 16 A.Initiation-There is a region prior to beginning of a gene where the RNA polymerase attaches called the promoter region. B.The promoter region determines which side of the gene will be transcribed. In a prokaryotic cell, the RNA polymerase attaches directly to the region, but in a eukaryotic cell there are transcription factors (proteins) which help facilitate the attachment of the RNA polymerase. C.Within the promoter region, there is a sequence of TATA nucleotides, called the TATA box, that helps identify where the RNA polymerase should bind. D.Once the RNA polymerase attaches, there are even more transcription factors that attach. E. Now the RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA at the start point of the gene. F. In prokaryotes there is only one type of RNA polymerase, but in eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase. 17 Elongation • Elongation- RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and base pairs RNA nucleotides to the DNA gene. RNA is made 5′ → 3′ so the DNA gene is 3′ → 5′. 18 Termination 19 RNA Processing Eukaryotic RNA processing • 5' cap is added. • At the 3' end 30-200 adenine nucleotides are added (poly-A-tail). • Introns are removed 20 Removing Introns • A spliceosome removes the introns. • Spliceosomes are composed of smaller particles called snRNP (made of proteins and snRNA). • The spliceosome will splice the intron at a specific RNA sequence releasing a "lariat" RNA. 21 RNA Processing • Different exons are recombined in different ways for certain mRNAs. This increases the number of different proteins. 22 Exon Shuffling and Different Proteins • Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called domains • In many cases, different exons code for the different domains in a protein • Exon shuffling may result in the evolution of new proteins. 23 Ready for Translation • This mRNA has been processed and is called mature mRNA. It is ready to go to the cytoplasm for translation. 24 25