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Understanding RNA Ribonucleic Acid 1 . Made of Nucleotides: Sugar (ribose), Phosphate Group, Nitrogen Bases A C Differences Between DNA & RNA 1) Sugar – Deoxyribose 2) Pyrimidines – Cytosine & vs. Ribose vs. Cytosine & Thymine Uracil 3) Shape – Double Helix vs. Single Strand 4) Location – Nucleus Only vs. Everywhere in Cell 5) Purpose – Stores genetic Info vs. Makes Proteins 2. Rules for Base Pairing: A. Cytosine (C G) Guanine B. Adenine (A U) Uracil Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine) 3. What is the function of RNA? Helps to make proteins Types of RNA A. Messenger (mRNA) Reads DNA and carries message to ribosome B. Ribosomal (rRNA) Component of ribosome and organizes formation of protein C. Transfer (tRNA) Transfers amino acids (AA) from storage sites in cytoplasm to ribosome for protein production Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Group Protein Synthesis: How Proteins are Made Making Proteins is a Two Step Process: Click here to go to Transcription Animation Step 1: Transcription –occurs in the nucleus; rewriting DNA into mRNA Why Transcription? Don’t Write This Slide, Just Read!!! DNA contains volumes of information about making protein. Unfortunately, DNA is too huge to leave the nucleus but the protein is made in the ribosomes. DNA is too important to cellular function to risk damage in the cytoplasm Summary of Transcription A. The DNA molecule unzips at the nitrogen bases B. mRNA nucleotides pair up with DNA nucleotides; (one side) RNA Polymerase action C. DNA “rezips” and mRNA releases at terminator sequence; undergoes further processing Step 2: Translation – amino acids are being assembled into proteins; occurs in the ribosomes Click here to go to Translation Animation Summary of Translation A. mRNA enters the ribosome B. 3 mRNA nucleotides (codons) pair up with 3 tRNA nucleotides (anticodons) C. amino acids are added until the “stop” message is reached * Codon – three mRNA bases * Anticodon – three tRNA bases * 1 codon makes 1 amino acid; 3 nitrogen bases makes 1 amino acid Example: DNA: GCA – AAT- TTA mRNA: CGU – UUA - AAU tRNA: Amino Acid: Example: DNA: GCA – AAT- TTA mRNA: CGU – UUA - AAU tRNA: GCA – AAU - UUA Amino Acid: Write this on the bottom of your “Chart of Amino Acids”: Use mRNA to find the Amino Acid on the Chart Second mRNA Base U A G Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine Serine Serine Serine Serine Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan U C A G C Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine Proline Proline Proline Proline Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine U C A G A Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine Serine Serine Arginine Arginine U C A G Valine Valine Valine Valine Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine U C A G U First mRNA Base C G Third mRNA Base Example: DNA: TAC – AGG – GGT - ACG – CCG – AAT – GGG – ATT – mRNA: AUG – UCC – CCA – UGC – GGC – UUA – CCC – UAA - tRNA: Amino Acid: Example: DNA: TAC – AGG – GGT - ACG – CCG – AAT – GGG – ATT – mRNA: AUG – UCC – CCA – UGC – GGC – UUA – CCC – UAA - tRNA: UAC – AGG – GGU– ACG – CCG – AAU – GGG– AUU Amino Acid: Example: DNA: TAC – AGG – GGT - ACG – CCG – AAT – GGG – ATT – mRNA: AUG – UCC – CCA – UGC – GGC – UUA – CCC – UAA - tRNA: UAC – AGG – GGU – ACG – CCG – AAU – GGG – AUU Amino Methioine – Serine – Proline – Cysteine – Glycine Acid: – Leucine – Proline - STOP Anticodon Codon