Download Protein Synthesis

Using This Program-Protein Synthesis
 This program works with simulation kit:
Protein Synthesis made by “”, and modified by
Holomuzki and Bradley.
 As you read a slide, you may come across a
word in a different color. Click on that word
with the mouse and it will take you to another
slide. Try it!
 When you finish with a slide, simply click the
mouse to move to the next slide.
Using This Program-Protein Synthesis
 That’s all there is to it. When you get to the
end, just right click or click on the arrow here,
and then click on ‘End Show’,
 If you don’t see the arrow,
move the mouse and it
will appear!
Protein Synthesis
 This process uses information coded in huge
DNA molecules, transfers that information to
smaller RNA molecules, then assembles the
proteins from amino acids.
 All that makes sense if you know what DNA
and RNA are.
 I want to do the review.
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 I want to skip the review.
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DNA & RNA
 Both of these are Nucleic Acids.
 Both are made of Nucleotides that contain
P
 a phosphate
S
 a sugar
B
 a base that contains nitrogen
 in this shape:
B
p
S
Nucleotides form Chains
 They can be single chains.
1
 Or double chains
1
2
RNA
 has bases:
 Adenine
 Uracil
 single stranded


Guanine
Cytosine
 Ribose is its sugar
DNA
 has bases:
 Adenine
 Thymine
 double stranded


Guanine
Cytosine
 Deoxyribose for sugar
DNA & RNA
 How are DNA and RNA similar?
 How are DNA and RNA different?
Base Pair Bonding--DNA/RNA
 In both of these molecules, the bases bond in
very specific ways.
 In both, Guanine and Cytosine always bond
with each other and not with anything else.
 In DNA Adenine and Thymine always bond
with each other and not with anything else.
 In RNA Adenine and Uracil always bond with
each other and not with anything else.
Bonding Between DNA & RNA
 When an RNA is made from DNA, the DNA
bases and the RNA bases bond.
 If the DNA base is Guanine, RNA Cytosine
bonds to it and vice versa.
 If the DNA base is Thymine, RNA Adenine
bonds to it.
 BUT if the DNA base is Adenine, RNA Uracil
will bond to it.
DNA & RNA
 Remember the differences and similarities.
 Number of strands/type of sugar/bases
 Remember how their bases bond to one
another.
 G to C and C to G
 A to T and T to A (DNA only)
 A to U and U to A (RNA only)
 A (DNA) to U (RNA)
Protein Synthesis
 Protein Synthesis is the cellular process used to
make proteins. Synthesis just means the
building up.
 The DNA contains the directions for making
LOTS of proteins.
 When a specific protein is needed only the part
of the DNA that contains those specific
directions is used.
 Three different types of RNA are used in
making a protein.
Protein Synthesis -- Two Parts
 Transcription is the first part of Protein
Synthesis.
 It occurs in the nucleus.
 It transfers information from the huge DNA
molecule to a much smaller RNA molecule.
 Translation is the second part.
 It occurs in the cytoplasm.
 It involves three types of RNA and uses those
three to make a protein out of amino acids.
Three Types of RNA:
mRNA
 Messenger RNA also
called mRNA.
 Has a straight line shape.
 Contains the directions
for the protein from the
DNA.
 Those directions are in
three base groups called
codons.
mRNA: Codons
 The language of RNA is made up of three letter
words and the alphabet contains only four
letters, the four bases A U G C.
 Each of these codons or “words” represents a
different amino acid.
Codon 1
Codon 2
mRNA: Codons to Amino Acids
 Use this table to
figure out what
amino acid is coded
for by UCA.
 UCA = ser
 I don’t see how you
found ser, help!
 Go to abbreviation/
Amino Acid name.
First
Base
U
C
A
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
mRNA: Codons to Amino Acids
 Here is the table
again.
 What does UAU
code for?
 What does AGC
code for?
 Go to abbreviation
listing.
First
Base
U
C
A
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
mRNA: Codons to Amino Acids
 Do different
codons ever code
for the same
amino acid?
First
Base
U
C
A
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
mRNA
 So that is basically mRNA.
 Remember these important points:
 mRNA is made from DNA.
 mRNA carries directions from DNA to the
ribosome.
 The code is carried by 3 base “words” called
codons.
 Codons code for specific Amino Acids.
Three Types of RNA:
rRNA
 Ribosomal RNA also
called rRNA
 Occurs in two parts that
fit together.
 Forms the ribosome.
 Is the site for protein
synthesis.
Three Types of RNA:
t-RNA
 Transfer RNA, also called
tRNA.
 Folds back on itself
 Carries an Amino Acid
to the ribosome.
 Has an anticodon at one
end.
Amino
Acid
Transfer RNA
 The tRNA anticodon will bind with a specific
mRNA codon.
 Anticodon ACG bonds with codon UGC.
 ACG can only carry the amino acid Cysteine,
coded for by UGC.
Transfer RNA
 Because tRNA has
such a complex shape,
we will be using the
substitute shape
shown.
 The amino acid still
binds to the top and
the anticodon is still
at the bottom.
A
G
A
tRNA with Amino Acid
 This is the tRNA
with its Amino Acid
attached and the
appropriate
anticodon.
 Why doesn’t the
anticodon match
with the Amino Acid
Chart?
Serine
tRNA
A
G
A
Using This Program-Protein Synthesis
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back to where you were, simply click on
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starburst to stop.)
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DNA/RNA Similarities




Both are nucleic acids, made of nucleotides.
Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and bases
The phosphate in each is the same.
Of the bases these are used in both.
 Guanine
 Cytosine
 Adenine
Show me a picture of each.
Return to Lesson
Codons: UCA = Serine (1)
Locate U in this column/Locate C in this row/Find UCA in the box
U
U
UUU
UUC
UUA
AAC
C
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
A
UAU
UAC
UGA
UAG
G
UGU
UGC
UGA
UGG
C
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CGA
CGU
CGC
CGA
CGG
Codons: UCA = Serine (2)
 Now you have found UCA on the chart.
 Your chart may have the name of the amino
acid written next to the codon “Serine”
 Or it may have an abbreviation “ser”. If the
abbreviation is there, then look that up in the
listing of amino acids. “serine”
 That is the name of the amino acid.
Return to Lesson
DNA/RNA Pictures
RNA
DNA
Return to Lesson
DNA/RNA Differences
 RNA is single stranded, DNA is double.
 RNA has ribose as the sugar, DNA has
deoxyribose.
 RNA has Uracil as a base, DNA has Thymine.
Show me a picture of each.
Return to Lesson
mRNA: Codons to Amino Acids
 Look up the
abbreviation in
this list to find
the name of the
amino acid
coded for by
any of the
abbreviations.
ala
arg
aspg
aspt
cys
glun
glut
gly
his
iso
alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartate
cysteine
glutamine
glutamate
glycine
histidine
isoleucine
Return to Lesson
leu
lys
met
phe
pro
ser
thr
try
tyr
val
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
proline
serine
threonine
tryptophan
tyrosine
valine
UAU
Codons
 Tyrosine
First
Base
U
C
A
Return to Lesson
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
AGC
Codons
 Serine
First
Base
U
C
A
Return to Lesson
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
Codons
 Do different
codons ever code
for the same
amino acid?
First
Base
U
C
 YES! UCA, AGC
and others are
Serine
Return to Lesson
A
G
Second Base
U
C
A
UUU phe UCU ser
UAU tyr
UUC phe UCC ser
UAC tyr
UUA leu
UCA ser
UAA stop
UUG leu
UCG ser
UAG stop
CUU leu
CCU pro
CAU his
CUC leu
CCC pro
CAC his
CUA leu
CCA pro
CAA glun
CUG leu
CCG pro
CAG glun
AUU iso
ACU thr
AAU aspg
AUC iso
ACC thr
AAC aspg
AUA iso
ACA thr
AAA lys
AUG met * ACG thr
AAG lys
GUU val
GCU ala
GAU aspt
GUC val
GCC ala
GAC aspt
GUA val
GCA ala
GAA glut
GUG val
GCG ala
GAG glut
G
UGU cys
UGC cys
UGA stop
UGG try
CGU arg
CGC arg
CGA arg
CGG arg
AGU ser
AGC ser
AGA arg
AGG arg
GGU gly
GGC gly
GGA gly
GGG gly
tRNA with Amino Acid
 Why doesn’t this match with the Amino Acid
Chart?
 Remember the Amino Acid Chart is set up
based on CODONS, not ANTIcodons. The
Codon that would bind to AGA is UCU, and
UCU codes for Serine. So this tRNA is correct.
Return to Lesson