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We are going to study the following DNA technologies and their real-world applications: DNA extraction Recombinant DNA Gel Electrophoresis Polymerase Chain Reaction Gene Sequence Analysis Cloning Gene Therapy DNA EXTRACTION How is DNA extracted from living things? In class, we extracted DNA from our cheeks. Scientists and researchers use more elaborate techniques when extracting DNA Click on the following link to extract DNA from a human online. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/extraction / Recombinant (Re-com-bin-nint) DNA & Transgenic (Trans-jen-ic) Organisms What is recombinant DNA? Click on the following link to learn about recombinant DNA: http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/ Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLampard2.swf Practical uses of recombinant DNA… Recombinant (Homemade) Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B) Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis Production of clotting factors (to help stop bleeding) Production of insulin (to help with diabetes) Production of recombinant (homemade) pharmaceuticals To help with issues caused by bad genes Another Major Application of Recombinant DNA Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to introduce specific genes from one organism into another. A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain 1 or more genes Applications of Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Livestock Farm animals that are genetically altered to synthesize marketable proteins. Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH) Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in vaccines Cows that produce a human protein in their milk Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs can be transplanted into a human without rejection Applications of Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Plants Plants that produce their own insecticides Crops that have increased drought and heat resistance Genetic Engineering & GMO Genetic Engineering is… The technique of removing, changing, or adding genes (chunks of DNA) to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains. By changing this information, we can change the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing. Then, if the proteins change, the TRAIT changes, like if the genes in your eye changed, then your eye color can change. Genetic Engineering we could do this. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to call organisms that have received new genes from other organisms by lab "gene transfer" methods. Gel Electrophoresis (Elec-tro-for-e-sis) What is Gel Electrophoresis? Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to answer questions about gel electrophoresis. What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis? DNA pieces produced by the gel electrophoresis can be used in other technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA sequencing Or, the DNA fragments can be used by forensic scientists (to solve crimes), conservation biologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc. How is gel electrophoresis used by scientists? Human DNA can be analyzed to Provide evidence in criminal cases Diagnose genetic diseases Solve paternity cases Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue and body fluid Cheek cells Skin Hair Blood Semen What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis? Conservation biologists use DNA to determine genetic similarity among populations and individuals Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare similarities and differences to construct family trees PCR What is PCR? Click on the following link to learn about Polymerase (Puh-lim-er-ace) Chain Reactions, make sure you scroll down to see the information… www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html What are the practical applications of PCR? PCR creates lots of pure DNA, so we can analyze DNA samples even from only a little bit to begin with. DNA/Gene Sequencing What is Gene Sequence Analysis? Click on the following link to learn about gene sequencing: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_G enome/faq/seqfacts.shtml Applications of DNA Sequencing DNA Fingerprinting http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/d naintro.html If you have time, solve a crime: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze. html Cloning What is cloning? Click on the following link to learn about cloning: www.learn.genetics.com What are the practical applications of cloning? Click on the following link to look at the practical applications of cloning: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/whyclo ne/ Gene Therapy What is Gene Therapy? Click on the following link to learn about gene therapy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_G enome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml