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Transcript
Cell Organelles AS Human Biology Miss Tagore Learning Outcomes • To understand the structure and function of cell organelles • To be able to recognise cell organelles by their description How does a cell resemble a city? What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of life, from which larger structures such as tissue and organs are made. Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, consist of just a single cell. Multicellular organisms consists of many cells – humans are made from an estimated 50 trillion cells! Specialised cells • Most plants and animals are multicellular. The human body is made up of around 200 different types of cell, all working together. • Most cells are specialised, meaning that each type of cell has a specific structure and function. • All cells with a nucleus contain the same genes, but different cells activate different genes so they only produce the proteins they need. • However, all cells have certain common features and structures called organelles. Animal Cell Ultra structure Plasma membrane Animal Cell Ultra structure Cytoplasm Animal Cell Ultra structure Mitochondrion Produces ATP by aerobic respiration Animal Cell Ultra structure Nuclear membrane Animal Cell Ultra structure Pore Animal Cell Ultra structure Nucleolus Synthesis of RNA and ribosomes Animal Cell Ultra structure Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesis and transport of proteins for export Animal Cell Ultra structure Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Animal Cell Ultra structure Golgi Body Packages complex molecules for secretion Animal Cell Ultra structure Golgi Vesicle Encloses and transports molecules Animal Cell Ultra structure Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes Animal Cell Ultra structure Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesis and transport of lipids Animal Cell Ultra structure Small vacuole Animal Cell Ultra structure Centriole Involved in the formation of spindle fibres Animal Cell Ultra structure Fluid filled pinocytic vesicle Name Nucleus & Nucleolus Cytoplasm Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Function Controls activities of the cell, contains the genetic information , nucleolus makes ribosomes Site of chemical reactions Transport of proteins (rough ER also provides a large surface area for attachment of ribosomes ) Site of protein synthesis Golgi Body Processes and packages materials for secretion Lysosomes Contains powerful degradation enzymes Mitochondrion Centriole Cell (Plasma) Membrane Site of aerobic respiration , powerhouse of the cell Organises spindle fibres during nuclear division Controls entry and exit of materials Cell structures • Golgi Apparatus • Packages and secretes complex molecules • Secretory Vesicles • Move to the surface of the cell and discharge contents. • Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Large Surface area for transport of lipids • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Large surface area for transport of proteins. • Ribosomes • Site of Protein synthesis • Nucleus • Controls all cell activities. Contains DNA and mRNA. • Centrioles • Involved in spindle fibre formation during mitosis/meiosis • Lysosomes • Contains powerful enzymes which digest redundant structures. • Cytoplasm • Fluid in which many complex chemical reactions take place What am I ? Organelles Organelles • I am surrounded by a double-membrane, I am the site of respiration reactions called the Krebs' cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, I make ATP. I evolved from bacteria many millions of years ago. I have my own DNA. What am I? The mitochondrion Organelles • I am a membrane-bound organelle, I am involved in preparing protein for secretion, I am named after an Italian scientist. What am I? The Golgi body Organelles • I am a formed when the ends of Golgi body pinches off, I move towards the cell membrane, I contain protein that is about to be secreted. What am I? Golgi vesicle Organelles • I am membrane-bound, I am studded with ribosomes, I make protein that is locked inside my centre. What am I? Rough E.R. Organelles • I am formed when the cell membrane folds inwards, I contain food that is digested by the cell. What am I? Phagocytotic vesicle Organelles • I am membrane-bound and do many jobs, some of the involve getting rid of toxic substances, I contain the enzyme catalase. What am I? Peroxisome Organelles • I am a small pore around the control centre of the cell, I allow messages used to make protein to get into the cytoplasm. What am I? Nuclear pore Organelles • I can be found on vesicles or free in the cytoplasm, I am the site of protein synthesis. I am not really an organelle. What am I? Ribosomes Organelles • I am not really an organelle, I am flexible and surrounded many organelles. What am I? Membrane Organelles • I am used to separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, I am set of two protein chains arranged at 90° to each other. What am I? centriole Organelles • I am part of the nucleus, I make ribosomes. What am I? nucleolus