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Transcript
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL (chapter 4 – Biology book) Developed by Dave Werner MATES OBJECTIVES: Outline the discoveries that led to the development of the Cell Theory. State the cell theory. Describe the relationship between cell shape & cell function. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cells Both Living and Nonliving Things are composed of molecules made from chemical elements such as __________________ ____________________________________. The organization of these molecules into Cells is one feature that distinguishes Living Things from all other matter. The ______ is the smallest unit of matter that CAN Carry on _____________________ ____________________________________ History 1. In 1665, the English Scientist Robert _________ used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and described it as consisting of "a great many little boxes". __________________ 2. 1838, German Botanist Matthias ___________ ___________________ 3. 1839, German Zoologist Theodor ____________ –_______________________ 4. In 1855, German Physician Rudolf ___________ induced that ________________________________ _________________________________________ 5. His statement contradicted the idea that life could arise from Nonliving Matter. "Theory of Spontaneous Generation" The process by which life begins when ethers enter nonliving things. CELL THEORY A. _________________________ _________________________. B. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________. C. _________________________ _________________________. CELL SHAPE (fig. 4-2) Variety of _____________ __________ DEPENDS ON ____________ – Examples? Example:Cells of _________ ________________ that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike. 6. _________________ are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION 1. Cells contain a variety of Internal Structures called _________________. 2. An organelle PERFORMS SPECIFIC ________________ FOR THE CELL. 3. The entire cell is Surrounded by A THIN MEMBRANE, called the _______________ 4. A Large Organelle near the Center of the Cell is the ______________. IT CONTAINS THE CELL'S _________________ ______________ AND CONTROLS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL. The PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of a NUCLEUS is important for Classifying Cells. 1. ORGANISMS WHOSE CELL CONTAIN A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE CALLED _______________. 2. ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS NEVER CONTAIN (OR LACK) A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE CALLED ________________. Examples of Each??? Differences between (fig.4-4) _______________________ ORGANISMS such as _______________ and their relatives are _____________. All other organisms are ____________; plants, fish, mammals, insects and humans. The difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is such an important distinction that Prokaryotes are placed in ________________, Separate from Eukaryotes. PARTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL OBJECTIVES: Describe the structures, composition, & function of the cell membrane. Name the major organelles found in a Eukaryotic cell, and describe their function. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Describe three structures characteristic of plant cells. THE CELL MEMBRANE All cells, from all organisms, are surrounded by a __________________________ The Cell Membrane - thin layer of ________ _________________, separates cell's content from the world around it The Cell Membrane _______________ the ease with which substances pass into and out of the cell-some substances easily cross the membrane, while others cannot cross at all. For this reason, the Cell Membrane is said to be ________________________ What allows this to happen? PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES (fig.4-5) _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ________ "Head" and Two NONPOLAR “__________ Phosphate Head is _______________ meaning “_________________". Where is the head located? Lipid Tails are ______________________ meaning “______________________”. Where is the tail located? When dropped in WATER, PHOSPHOLIPIDS line up on the surface with their Phosphate _________ Sticking into the Water and Lipid __________________ from the surface. MEMBRANE PROTEINS (fig.4-6) HELP to ___________ Material _______ ________________________ Some ______________ Proteins form Channels or Pores through which certain substances can pass Other Proteins __________ to a substance on one side of the Membrane and carry it to the other side of the Membrane FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF CELL MEMBRANES (fig.4-5, 4-6) Membranes are ___________ and have the consistency of vegetable oil. ______________________ of the Cell Membrane are always in motion. 3. _________________ are able to drift across the membrane, changing places with their neighbor. 4. Because the Membrane is FLUID with a MOSAIC of Proteins, scientists call the modern view of Membrane Structure ______ _____________________________________ CYTOPLASM (fig.4-7) EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS = _____________________. Consists of TWO MAIN COMPONENTS: ____________ and _____________________. CYTOSOL = _________________ that consists MOSTLY OF ________, along with ___________, CARBOHYDRATES, _________, MINERALS and ________________ MOLECULES. 4. Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny ________________ (ORGANS). 5. ORGANELLES ARE STRUCTURES THAT WORK LIKE _________________________, THEY CARRY OUT SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN THE CELL. Any analogies??? MITOCHONDRIA (fig.4-8) THE “_______________________" OF THE CELL Sites of Chemical Reactions(rxns) that transfer Energy from Organic Compounds to ______. Energy contain in food is released, converted to ATP. ATP is the molecule that most Cells use as their main ___________________ Usually more numerous in Cells that have a High Energy Requirement - Your ___________ cells contain a large number of mitochondria RIBOSOMES (fig.4-7,4-9) The site of __________________ They are Most _______________ Organelles in almost all cells Some are free in the ___________; others line the membranes of ______ ____________________________ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (fig.4-9,4-10) _________________________, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another _______________ materials through the cell _________ ER is studded with ________________ and processes ________________ to be exported from the cell. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ____________ ER IS NOT Covered with RIBOSOMES and processes ________ and _______________. The Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of ________ in gland cells, the regulation of ___________ levels in muscle cells, and the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells GOLGI APPARATUS (fig.4-7) ________________________ and ________________- Organelle of the Cell. System of membranes made of Flattened SAC like Structures called ________________________. It works Closely with the ER, modifies _________ for export by the cell. LYSOSOMES (fig.4-10) Site of Food ______________ in the Cell. Formed from pieces of the _____________________ that break off. Common in the Cells of Animals, Fungi, and Protists, _________ _______________________ CYTOSKELETON In Animal Cells, an internal framework called ________________ maintains the _________ of the Cell TWO Types of structures: ___________________ ___________________ MICROFILAMENTS (fig.4-11) ______________________ and have a structure that resembles ROPE made of TWO TWISTED CHAINS OF PROTEIN called ______. _________, causing movement. __________ Cells MICROTUBULES (fig.4-13) ___________ TUBES like plumbing pipes. They are the Largest Strands of the Cytoskeleton. Made of a PROTEIN called ______________. THREE FUNCTIONS: A. To maintain the ________ of cell. B. To serve as __________ for organelles to move along within the cell. C. When the Cell is about to divide, bundles of Microtubules known as _______________ come together and extend across the cell to assist in the movement of Chromosomes during _____________________ CILIA AND FLAGELLA (fig.4-12) _________ ARE SHORT HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS. ___________ ARE LONG WHIPLIKE PROJECTIONS THE NUCLEUS (fig.4-14) Contains ____, the ____________ MATERIAL OF CELLS Maintains shape with the help of a Protein skeleton _____________________________ The nucleus is surrounded by a Double Layer Membrane called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE The DNA is in the form of a long Strand called CHROMATIN THE NUCLEUS During Cell Division, Chromatin strands COIL and CONDENSES into thick structures called ____________________. The Chromosomes in the nucleus contain coded “________________" that control all ________________________ The __________________ MAKES (syntheisizes) _____________, WHICH IN TURN, BUILD _______________ What human organ is the nucleus compared to? PLANT CELLS 1. 2. 3. 3 Additional Structures Not found in animals cells ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 1. CELL WALL (fig.4-15) Fungi such as Mushrooms and Yeast also have Cell Walls. Cell Walls of Fungi are made of ________________. __________________________ the Cell Membrane; Cells with WALLS also have a CELL MEMBRANE. i.e. Plant Cells are covered by a Rigid Cell Wall that lies Outside the Cell Membrane Cell Walls of Plants contain ________________________ (long chains) ______________________ a complex carbohydrate CELL WALLS ARE OF TWO TYPES: A. ________________________ - While a Plant cell is being formed, a primary cell wall develops just outside the cell membrane. B. ______________________________ The secondary cell walls forms Between the Primary Cell Wall and the Cell Membrane. The Secondary Cell Wall is Tough and Woody, in fact the Secondary Cell Wall is what we call ___________. One a Secondary Cell Wall forms, a plant cell can Grow NO Further. The Cells are Dead. 2. VACUOLES (fig.4-16) _________________________, may contain stored _________________, IONS, ____________________, OR OTHER CELL PRODUCTS Contain ________________ that discourages animals from eating the plant's leaves Cells of ________________ & other organisms also MAY contain VACUOLES, but they are much smaller and are usually involved in FOOD ______________________ 3. PLASTIDS (fig.4-17) __________________________ __________ _______________________, (figure 4-17) an organelle that converts _________________, ________ ________________, AND ______________ INTO __________________. This process is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS 3. PLASTIDS (fig.4-17) Each Chloroplast encloses a system of Flattened, Membranous Sacs called ____________________. It is in the Thylakoids that Photosynthesis occurs Chloroplasts are _________________ because they contain _____________________, a PIGMENT that ABSORBS ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT. THEY ARE FOUND ONLY IN ALGAE, SUCH AS SEAWEED, AND IN GREEN PLANTS. Other PLASTIDS store reddish-orange pigments that color fruits, vegetables, flowers, and autumn leaves MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION (fig.4-18) In a ___________________ Organism, _____ cell carries out all of the functions of life. In contrast, most cells in a Multicellular Organism are Specialized to perform one or a ___________ functions. Because of cell ____________, the cells of Multicellular Organisms depend on other cells in the organism for their survival. OBJECTIVES: Distinguish between tissue, organs, and organ systems. TISSUE, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS (fig.4-18) __________ Level: The smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all the functions of living things. ___________ Level: A group of cells that performs a specific function in an organism form the TISSUE. ___________ Level: Several different types of tissue that function together for a specific purpose form an ORGAN. ___________________ Level: Several organs working together to perform a function make up an ORGAN SYSTEM. The different organ systems in a multicellular organism interact to carry out the processes of life Plants also have Tissue and Organs, although they are arranged somewhat differently from those of Animals A. ____________________________ forms the outer layer of a plant. B. ____________________________ makes up the bulk of roots and stems C. _____________________ transports water and food throughout the plant. D. The FOUR Plant Organs are _______________________________ _______________________________