Download structure and function of the cell - MATES-Biology-I

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF THE CELL (chapter 4 – Biology book)
Developed by Dave Werner
MATES
OBJECTIVES:
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Outline the discoveries that led to the
development of the Cell Theory.
State the cell theory.
Describe the relationship between cell
shape & cell function.
Distinguish between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Cells

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Both Living and Nonliving Things are
composed of molecules made from chemical
elements such as __________________
____________________________________.
The organization of these molecules into Cells
is one feature that distinguishes Living Things
from all other matter.
The ______ is the smallest unit of matter
that CAN Carry on _____________________
____________________________________
History
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1. In 1665, the English Scientist Robert _________
used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and
described it as consisting of "a great many little
boxes". __________________
2. 1838, German Botanist Matthias ___________
___________________
3. 1839, German Zoologist Theodor ____________
–_______________________
4. In 1855, German Physician Rudolf ___________
induced that ________________________________
_________________________________________
5. His statement contradicted the idea that life could
arise from Nonliving Matter. "Theory of Spontaneous
Generation" The process by which life begins when
ethers enter nonliving things.
CELL THEORY

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A. _________________________
_________________________.
B. _________________________
_________________________
_________________________.
C. _________________________
_________________________.
CELL SHAPE (fig. 4-2)
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Variety of _____________
__________ DEPENDS ON
____________ – Examples?
Example:Cells of _________
________________ that
carry information from your
toes to your brain are long
and threadlike.
6. _________________ are
shaped like round disk that
can squeeze through tiny
blood vessels.
INTERNAL
ORGANIZATION

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1. Cells contain a variety of Internal
Structures called _________________.
2. An organelle PERFORMS SPECIFIC
________________ FOR THE CELL.
3. The entire cell is Surrounded by A THIN
MEMBRANE, called the _______________
4. A Large Organelle near the Center of the
Cell is the ______________. IT
CONTAINS THE CELL'S _________________
______________ AND CONTROLS THE
ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL.
The PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of a
NUCLEUS is important for Classifying
Cells.
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1. ORGANISMS WHOSE
CELL CONTAIN A
NUCLEUS AND OTHER
MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES ARE
CALLED
_______________.
2. ORGANISMS WHOSE
CELLS NEVER CONTAIN
(OR LACK) A NUCLEUS
AND OTHER
MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES ARE
CALLED
________________.
Examples of Each???
Differences between (fig.4-4)
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_______________________
ORGANISMS such as _______________
and their relatives are _____________.
All other organisms are ____________;
plants, fish, mammals, insects and
humans.
The difference between Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes is such an important
distinction that Prokaryotes are placed
in ________________, Separate from
Eukaryotes.
PARTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC
CELL
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OBJECTIVES:
Describe the structures, composition, &
function of the cell membrane.
Name the major organelles found in a
Eukaryotic cell, and describe their function.
Describe the structure and function of the
nucleus.
Describe three structures characteristic of
plant cells.
THE CELL MEMBRANE

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All cells, from all organisms, are surrounded
by a __________________________
The Cell Membrane - thin layer of ________
_________________, separates cell's content
from the world around it
The Cell Membrane _______________ the
ease with which substances pass into and out
of the cell-some substances easily cross the
membrane, while others cannot cross at
all. For this reason, the Cell Membrane is
said to be ________________________
What allows this to happen?
PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES (fig.4-5)
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
________ "Head" and Two NONPOLAR “__________
Phosphate Head is _______________ meaning
“_________________". Where is the head
located?
Lipid Tails are ______________________
meaning “______________________”. Where is
the tail located?
When dropped in WATER, PHOSPHOLIPIDS line up on
the surface with their Phosphate _________ Sticking
into the Water and Lipid __________________ from
the surface.
MEMBRANE PROTEINS (fig.4-6)

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HELP to ___________ Material _______
________________________
Some ______________ Proteins form
Channels or Pores through which certain
substances can pass
Other Proteins __________ to a substance
on one side of the Membrane and carry it
to the other side of the Membrane
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF
CELL MEMBRANES (fig.4-5, 4-6)

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Membranes are ___________ and have the
consistency of vegetable oil.
______________________ of the Cell
Membrane are always in motion.
3. _________________ are able to drift
across the membrane, changing places with
their neighbor.
4. Because the Membrane is FLUID with a
MOSAIC of Proteins, scientists call the
modern view of Membrane Structure ______
_____________________________________
CYTOPLASM (fig.4-7)
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EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE
NUCLEUS = _____________________.
Consists of TWO MAIN
COMPONENTS: ____________ and
_____________________.
CYTOSOL = _________________ that consists MOSTLY
OF ________, along with ___________,
CARBOHYDRATES, _________, MINERALS and
________________ MOLECULES.
4. Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny
________________ (ORGANS).
5. ORGANELLES ARE STRUCTURES THAT WORK LIKE
_________________________, THEY CARRY OUT
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN THE CELL.
Any analogies???
MITOCHONDRIA (fig.4-8)
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THE “_______________________" OF THE
CELL
Sites of Chemical Reactions(rxns) that transfer
Energy from Organic Compounds to
______. Energy contain in food is released,
converted to ATP. ATP is the molecule that most
Cells use as their main ___________________
Usually more numerous in Cells that have a High
Energy Requirement - Your ___________ cells
contain a large number of mitochondria
RIBOSOMES
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(fig.4-7,4-9)
The site of __________________
They are Most _______________
Organelles in almost all cells
Some are free in the ___________;
others line the membranes of ______
____________________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(fig.4-9,4-10)
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_________________________, a path
along which molecules move from one part
of the cell to another
_______________ materials through the
cell
_________ ER is studded with
________________ and processes
________________ to be exported from
the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

____________ ER IS NOT
Covered with RIBOSOMES and
processes ________ and
_______________. The Smooth
ER is involved in the synthesis of
________ in gland cells, the
regulation of ___________ levels
in muscle cells, and the breakdown
of toxic substances by liver cells
GOLGI APPARATUS (fig.4-7)
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________________________ and
________________- Organelle of
the Cell.
System of membranes made of
Flattened SAC like Structures called
________________________.
It works Closely with the ER, modifies
_________ for export by the cell.
LYSOSOMES
(fig.4-10)
Site of Food ______________
in the Cell.
 Formed from pieces of the
_____________________
that break off.
 Common in the Cells of Animals,
Fungi, and Protists, _________
_______________________
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CYTOSKELETON
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In Animal Cells, an internal framework
called ________________ maintains
the _________ of the Cell
TWO Types of structures:
___________________
___________________
MICROFILAMENTS
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(fig.4-11)
______________________
and have a structure that
resembles ROPE made of
TWO TWISTED CHAINS OF
PROTEIN called ______.
_________, causing movement.
__________ Cells
MICROTUBULES (fig.4-13)
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___________ TUBES like plumbing pipes.
They are the Largest Strands of the
Cytoskeleton.
Made of a PROTEIN called ______________.
THREE FUNCTIONS:
A. To maintain the ________ of cell.
B. To serve as __________ for organelles to
move along within the cell.
C. When the Cell is about to divide, bundles
of Microtubules known as _______________
come together and extend across the cell to
assist in the movement of Chromosomes during
_____________________
CILIA AND FLAGELLA (fig.4-12)
_________ ARE SHORT
HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS.
 ___________ ARE LONG
WHIPLIKE PROJECTIONS
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THE NUCLEUS (fig.4-14)
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Contains ____, the ____________
MATERIAL OF CELLS
Maintains shape with the help of a Protein
skeleton _____________________________
The nucleus is surrounded by a Double Layer
Membrane called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
The DNA is in the form of a long Strand called
CHROMATIN
THE NUCLEUS
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During Cell Division, Chromatin strands COIL and
CONDENSES into thick structures called
____________________.
The Chromosomes in the nucleus contain coded
“________________" that control all
________________________
The __________________ MAKES
(syntheisizes) _____________, WHICH IN TURN,
BUILD _______________
What human organ is the nucleus compared to?
PLANT CELLS
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1.
2.
3.
3 Additional Structures Not
found in animals cells
___________________
___________________
___________________
1. CELL WALL
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(fig.4-15)
Fungi such as Mushrooms and Yeast also
have Cell Walls. Cell Walls of Fungi are made
of ________________.
__________________________ the Cell
Membrane; Cells with WALLS also have a
CELL MEMBRANE. i.e. Plant Cells are covered
by a Rigid Cell Wall that lies Outside the Cell
Membrane
Cell Walls of Plants contain
________________________ (long
chains) ______________________ a
complex carbohydrate
CELL WALLS ARE OF TWO
TYPES:
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A. ________________________ - While a
Plant cell is being formed, a primary cell wall
develops just outside the cell membrane.
B. ______________________________ The secondary cell walls forms Between the
Primary Cell Wall and the Cell Membrane. The
Secondary Cell Wall is Tough and Woody, in fact
the Secondary Cell Wall is what we call
___________. One a Secondary Cell Wall
forms, a plant cell can Grow NO Further. The
Cells are Dead.
2. VACUOLES
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(fig.4-16)
_________________________, may contain
stored _________________, IONS,
____________________, OR OTHER CELL
PRODUCTS
Contain ________________ that discourages
animals from eating the plant's leaves
Cells of ________________ & other organisms
also MAY contain VACUOLES, but they are much
smaller and are usually involved in FOOD
______________________
3. PLASTIDS
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(fig.4-17)
__________________________
__________
_______________________,
(figure 4-17) an organelle that
converts _________________,
________ ________________, AND
______________ INTO
__________________. This process
is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. PLASTIDS
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(fig.4-17)
Each Chloroplast encloses a system of Flattened,
Membranous Sacs called
____________________. It is in the
Thylakoids that Photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts are _________________ because
they contain _____________________, a
PIGMENT that ABSORBS ENERGY IN
SUNLIGHT. THEY ARE FOUND ONLY IN ALGAE,
SUCH AS SEAWEED, AND IN GREEN PLANTS.
Other PLASTIDS store reddish-orange pigments
that color fruits, vegetables, flowers, and autumn
leaves
MULTICELLULAR
ORGANIZATION (fig.4-18)
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In a ___________________ Organism,
_____ cell carries out all of the functions of
life.
In contrast, most cells in a Multicellular
Organism are Specialized to perform one or
a ___________ functions. Because of cell
____________, the cells of Multicellular
Organisms depend on other cells in the
organism for their survival.
OBJECTIVES:
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Distinguish between
tissue,
organs, and
organ systems.
TISSUE, ORGANS, AND
ORGAN SYSTEMS (fig.4-18)
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__________ Level: The smallest unit of life
capable of carrying out all the functions of living
things.
___________ Level: A group of cells that performs
a specific function in an organism form the TISSUE.
___________ Level: Several different types of
tissue that function together for a specific purpose
form an ORGAN.
___________________ Level: Several organs
working together to perform a function make up an
ORGAN SYSTEM. The different organ systems in a
multicellular organism interact to carry out the
processes of life
Plants also have Tissue and Organs, although they
are arranged somewhat differently from those of
Animals
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A. ____________________________
forms the outer layer of a plant.
B. ____________________________
makes up the bulk of roots and stems
C. _____________________ transports
water and food throughout the plant.
D. The FOUR Plant Organs are
_______________________________
_______________________________