* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cell Cycle and Mitosis notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Kinetochore wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Spindle checkpoint wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2 Image by Riedell 2 Reasons why cells divide DNA OVERLOAD 1. _____________________ As cell grows bigger demand on DNA “genetic library” becomes too great Ex: Small town library has 1000 books. As town grows and more people borrow books, there may be a waiting list to read the most popular titles http://www.adc.state.az.us/images/Off-Library.JPG 2 Reasons why cells divide Material exchange can’t keep up 2. _____________________ As cell grows bigger demand for transport across membrane is too great http://www.animationlibrary.com Ability to transport of oxygen, food, waste across cell membrane depends on _______________ SURFACE AREA Need for these depends on CELL VOLUME ___________ As cell grows these DON’T increase at the same rate See relationship between volume and SA BIGGER CELLS NEED MORE FOOD and OXYGEN, but CAN’T TRANSPORT IT FAST ENOUGH or IN BIG ENOUGH QUANTITIES! http://www.animationlibrary.com Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG Image by Riedell Multicellular organisms grow mainly by increasing cell number DNA CAN BE: SPREAD OUT IN NON-DIVIDING CELLS CHROMATIN SCRUNCHED UP IN DIVIDING CELLS CHROMOSOMES DNA in PROKARYOTES • BACTERIAL DNA is CIRCULAR • HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME • NO NUCLEUS; ATTACHED TO CELL MEMBRANE http://www.origin-life.gr.jp/3202/3202121/fig6.jpg DNA in EUKARYOTES (Plants & Animals) • DNA is ROD-SHAPED CHROMOSOMES • MANY PAIRS • FOUND IN NUCLEUS http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/chrom2.jpg Chromosome structure CHROMATIDS • ___________________ 2 identical arms • __________________ CENTROMERE constricted area holds chromatids together HOMOLOGOUS •__________________ PAIR 2 of each chromosome (one from mom; one from dad) HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES • SAME SIZE • SAME SHAPE • CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS IDENTICAL • BUT NOT ______________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) http://arnica.csustan.edu/biol3020/cell_division/cell_division.htm http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES Bacteria reproduce using BINARY FISSION __________________________________ http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/fission.jpg CELL CYCLE ______________ = series of events that cells go through as they grow and develop cells alive cell cycle CELL CYCLE INTERPHASE – non-dividing phase G1- Grow bigger Cell is “doing its job” DNA is spread out as chromatin S - Synthesis (copy DNA) & chromosomal proteins G2- Grow bigger, make organelles & molecules needed for cell division CELL DIVISION MITOSIS – Nuclear division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm divides G0 – cell stops dividing (Ex: nerve cell) INTERPHASE (G1 - S - G2) In between divisions Cells are in this phase most of the time Can see nucleus DNA spread out as chromatin Can’t see chromosomes DNA gets copied (S) Cell gets ready to divide Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PROPHASE 1st dividing phase http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/102/lectures/08mit&veg102.html DNA scrunches into chromosomes Centrioles appear in centrosome region & move to poles Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes CENTROSOME ________ region organizes spindle Spindle MICROTUBULES are part of cytoskeleton http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in middle ___________ Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0247.JPG ANAPHASE Centromeres split apart Centrioles pull chromatids_______ Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0247.JPG TELOPHASE (reverse prophase steps) two nuclei See ______ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus return Chromosomes spread out as chromatin Centrioles disappear Spindle fibers disappear Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/cnewton/Biology%2011/Mitosis.html CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells ANIMAL CELLS pinch cytoplasm in two with a ______________________ CLEAVAGE FURROW CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells PLANT CELLS can’t pinch because they have a sturdy ____________ CELL WALL Plant cells separate cytoplasm by CELL PLATE growing a _______________ down the middle. http://www.eastcentral.edu/acad/depts/BI/plant_mitosis_nolabels.html Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Videos Animal Cell Mitosis Animal Cell Cytokinesis Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes is divided into Go to Section: is divided into Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes Interphase M phase (Mitosis) is divided into is divided into G1 phase Go to Section: S phase G2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase