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Lecture no.3 An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy Part-I BCH 361/ Section: xxxxx 1 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 What We Will Be Covering-I? What is a Cell? The Two Types of Cells ? The Exception? The Organelles and Their Functions. 2 22/05/2017 What is a Cell? Lecture no.3 Cell came from Latin word mean small room. A cell is the functional and structural unit of all living organism. The Cell Theory --1839 by the German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden and German physiologist Theodore Schwann. 3 22/05/2017 Cell Theory Lecture no.3 All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. 4 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Plant Stem Amoeba Proteus Examples of Cells Bacteria Nerve Cell 5 22/05/2017 Red Blood Cell Types of Cells Lecture no.3 1. Prokaryotic • Bacteria • Archaea 2. Eukaryotic Unicellular • Protists Multi-cellular • Fungi • Plants • Animals 6 22/05/2017 Prokaryotic Cells Lecture no.3 • Characteristics Unicellular (some multi-cellular). Lacks a membrane bound nucleus. Lacks membrane bound organelles. Has a cell membrane (cell wall). Has ribosomes (protein production). Circular DNA. 7 22/05/2017 Eukaryotes Lecture no.3 • Characteristics Unicellular (Protists). Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals). Membrane bound Nucleus. Contains Organelles. Linear DNA. 8 Typical animal cell Typical plant cell 22/05/2017 Types of Eukaryotic Cells Lecture no.3 1. Somatic Greek for “body’’ All cells in the body except the sex cells. Found in the bones, skin, organs, tissues, blood. Reproduce by Mitosis. 2. Germ The Sex Cells. Sperm and Ova. Reproduce by Meiosis. 9 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Is there any exception ? 10 22/05/2017 The Exception: Viruses Lecture no.3 • Characteristics 11 Latin for “poison”. Does not meet all the criteria of “Life” Not made up of cells. Contains DNA or RNA, but not usually both. Require a host to replicate. 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Cell Parts Organelles 12 22/05/2017 I- Surrounding the Cell - Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell. Place of communication with the environment and other cells. “Gate of the Cell”. 13 Lecture no.3 - Cell wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria. “Supports & protects cells”. 22/05/2017 II- Inside the Cell - Nucleus First described by Robert Brown in 1831. Largest organelle. Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane. Contains genetic material – DNA. “Control Center” 14 Lecture no.3 - Nuclear membrane Double membrane bag that surrounds nucleus. Contains nuclear pores which is place of selective transport between cytoplasm and inside of nucleus (proteins, mRNA) “Gate of the Nucleus” 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Continue… - Chromosomes In nucleus. Present in the form of strings of DNA and histones. Contain instructions for traits & characteristics . “Director of the Cell” 15 - Nucleolus Inside nucleus. The nucleolus plays an indirect role in protein synthesis by producing ribosomes. Nucleolus is not a structure!!! Just a visible region. 22/05/2017 Continue… Lecture no.3 - Cytoplasm -Endoplasmic Reticulum Gel-like material. The portion of the cell enclosed by the cell membrane but not part of any organelle It stores the organelles, water, and the chemicals in it. “Area of Movement”. The transportation center for the cell. Smooth and rough types. SER Site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, While RER place of proteins synthesis 16 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Continue… - Ribosomes Found in the cytoplasm and on the ER. Their job is to make proteins. The nucleus makes the ribosomes. 17 - Mitochondria Place of oxidative metabolism and ATP production. Contains its own DNA and ribosomes. “Powerhouse of the Cell” 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Continue… - Golgi Bodies Package and to move protein to the out side of the cell. They also process proteins from ribosomes that are located on the ER. 18 - Lysosome Digest the wastes and other bad organelles. Acidic organelles - low pH due to proton pump (pH=5) in the membrane. Contain many degradative enzymes such as acid hydrolases. 22/05/2017 Tay-Sachs disease : is a genetic defect in one of specific lysosomal hydrolases 19 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 Continue… - Vacuoles The vacuole in the plant cell is larger than the vacuole in the animal cell. Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal. “Storage Tanks” . 20 - Chloroplast Contains green chlorophyll. Where photosynthesis takes place. “Food Producers” . 22/05/2017 Summary 21 Lecture no.3 22/05/2017 Lecture no.3 See you later to continue with the second part of this module? 22 22/05/2017